豆科牧草对4种农田常见杂草和水稻化感作用的研究

采用室内生测试验评价了白三叶、紫花苜蓿和毛苕子等3种豆科牧草新鲜茎叶的水浸提液对狗牙根、稗草、马唐和牛筋草等4种农田常见杂草种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。利用盆栽试验研究3种豆科牧草的茎叶按不同比例与土混匀后对水稻秧苗生长的影响。结果表明：供体豆科牧草茎叶的水浸提液对狗牙根、稗草、马唐和牛筋草等的萌发率和幼苗生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,且随着水浸提液质量浓度的增加其抑制作用增强。浸提液质量浓度为0.1 g.mL-1时,毛苕子对稗草种子萌发的抑制作用强于其它3种,抑制率达50.8%;毛苕子对牛筋草幼苗根的抑制作用最强,抑制率达59.9%;白三叶对稗草幼苗茎的抑制率达54.3%。同时将豆科牧草的m（新鲜茎叶）-m（土）为1%和2%时,对水稻的苗高和地上部分的生物量有促进作用,3%时则抑制了水稻的生长。研究表明：施用适量的豆科牧草可以促进水稻生长,同时可有效控制稻田杂草。     

Characterization of a sex pheromone in a simultaneous hermaphroditic shrimp, Lysmata wurdemanni

Olfactory chemical cues have been described to play important roles in the control of mate recognition in many decapod crustaceans. However, we still know very little about the chemical characteristics of the cues that coordinate pre-copulative behaviour. In this study, we partially characterized a waterborne sex pheromone of a marine shrimp, Lysmata wurdemanni. Female moulting water was collected and ultrafiltered using 1,000 and 500-Da membranes, respectively, and analysed using HPLC with a Lichrosphere™ RP18 (C18) column. The sex pheromone is likely to be a molecule between 500 and 1,000 Da in size because behavioural bioassays showed that males responded to the supernatant of 500-Da and to the 1,000-Da filtrate, but did not respond to the supernatant of 1,000-Da or to the 500-Da filtrate. There was only one dominant peak (2.86 min) detectable in HPLC chromatograms of the supernatant of the 500-Da filtration. This peak showed a UV absorbance maximum at 274 nm, similar to the recently identified shore crab sex pheromone Uridine-di-phosphate (UDP). Behavioural bioassays confirmed that this peak is a bioactive component of a potential pheromone bouquet, but is different from UDP, which showed no bioactivity in Lysmata wurdemanni. Our results lay the foundation for future studies to purify and eventually identify this sex pheromone.     

江苏省植被NPP时空特征及气候因素的影响

利用2000—2006年的EOS/MODIS卫星遥感资料,对江苏省植被净初级生产力（NPP）时空特征及气候变化对其影响进行分析。在ArcGIS软件中,建立线性回归方程获得NPP的变化斜率,分析7 a间各像元NPP的空间变化趋势。计算各像元的NPP数值与气候要素的线性相关系数,为定量阐述气候变化对植被生长的影响提供依据。结果表明,江苏省植被NPP 7 a平均值为506.6 g.m-2.a-1（以C计）,比全国同期NPP数值高出约40%。NPP表现出明显的年际变化,2004年植被年均NPP最大为530.6 g.m-2.a-1（以C计）,2000年最小,为481.1 g.m-2.a-1（以C计）。空间分布上NPP表现为东南高于西北,沿海高于内陆。2000—2006年江苏省有76%的区域植被NPP表现为显著增加,仅江苏南部少数区域表现出减少的趋势。除苏南少数区域外,气候因素控制着NPP的时空变化规律。其中气温的升高和太阳辐射的增加促进NPP提高,而降水量的增加引起NPP的降低。     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定饮用水中的五氯苯酚

建立了高效液相色谱-质谱联用法检测饮用水中五氯苯酚（PCP）。选用ZORBAXXDB-C18柱（50mm×2．1mm,3．5μm）为分析柱,流动相为V（甲醇）：V（纯水）=88：12,流量为200μL·min-1;质谱条件选用气动辅助电喷雾离子源（ESI）,检测方式为负离子多离子反应检测（MRM）;PCP标准曲线线形范围为0．1～100μg·L-1;方法加标回收率达到90％以上;相对标准偏差为2-31％-2．92％（n=5）;方法检测低限为0．1μg·L-1。结果表明该方法快速、简便、准确、灵敏、特异,适用于饮用水中PCP残留的测定。     

淮北市经济与生态环境的动态协调发展研究

一个城市的经济发展与生态环境是相互影响相互制约的,经济和生态环境的协调性影响城市的整体发展。本研究鉴于淮北市资源型城市的特殊地位,用1998—2007年的数据对淮北市的经济和生态环境状况进行了研究,并采用协调度模型分析历年淮北市经济和生态环境之间的协调发展状况。研究结果表明,1998至2007年淮北市的总体发展形势是经济水平逐渐提高,生态环境状况逐渐改善,经济和生态环境的发展逐渐走向协调,其中2003年到2004年是淮北市总体发展的转折点,经济发展和生态环境状况之间由基本不协调转向基本协调。最后提出在淮北市临近资源枯竭的关键时期应加强生态建设,加大产业转型力度。     

重金属对发光海藻Pyrocystis lunula的毒性研究——一种新型的快速生物毒性测试方法QwikLite(Study of Heavy Metals Toxicity for Dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula——A New Rapid Toxicity Test QwikLite)

利用海洋发光藻——新月梨甲藻Pyrocystis lunula的生物发光特性（QwikLite方法）,以发光抑制为测试终点,研究了6种重金属离子Zn2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Cr6+、Cd2+、Hg2+的毒性,24h EC50分别为4.6601mg·L-1、0.0960mg·L-1、1.4935mg·L-1、0.1626mg·L-1、0.1272mg·L-1、0.0048mg·L-1. 将该结果与这6种金属离子对其它发光藻、发光菌、糠虾和泥螺的毒性效应进行了比较. 结果表明,利用QwikLite方法和Vibrio ?覱scheri（Microtox方法）测定的6种重金属离子的毒性顺序相似,但QwikLite法比Microtox法的灵敏度高1~2个数量级;发光藻与糠虾和泥螺的灵敏度相似或者更高,与泥螺存在显著的相关性. 发光藻毒性测试方法QwikLite由于灵敏度高、操作简便、快速经济等优点,可以作为一种新型的快速生物测试方法.     

污水处理用聚乙烯醇凝胶的制备及结构与性能

采用化学交联法研究制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)固定化微生物凝胶用于污水处理,通过对固化剂种类、固化时间等制备工艺研究,获得了具有较高力学强度和通透性的PVA凝胶小球.对固化剂与PVA分子间相互作用、PVA凝胶交联程度及凝胶形貌进行了探讨分析.将所制备PVA凝胶小球用于污水处理,其COD去除率可达90%以上.     

污泥和盐渍土混配介质的性质及对5种野生植物生长的影响

将污泥与滨海盐渍土按照不同比例(污泥质量分数分别为0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%)混配,开展三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)、荆芥(Schizonepeta tenuifolia)、金叶马兰(Kalimeris indica)和蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicm)5种野生植物的盆栽试验,研究污泥混配介质的理化性质,污泥比例对植物成活率、叶绿素含量和干质量的影响,以及植物体内各种重金属的累积浓度,探索污泥在滨海区盐渍土中的最佳施用比例,并对野生植物资源进行评价。结果表明,污泥改良滨海盐渍土是可行的,污泥质量分数为20%～60%时,混配介质的理化指标符合CJ/T 340—2011《绿化种植土壤》,Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb和Ni含量符合GB 15618—95《土壤环境质量标准》中的二级标准,并以60%污泥+40%滨海盐渍土的质量配比效果最佳,该混配介质中植物存活率达100%;三叶鬼针草、稗子、荆芥、金叶马兰和蒲公英是上海市滨海地区优良的植被恢复先锋植物。     

磷细菌筛选及其对苗期玉米生长的影响

从潮土、水稻土、砂姜黑土、石灰土上植物根际土壤和根中分离了86株磷细菌,通过NBRIP液体摇瓶培养3 d,培养液水溶磷质量浓度为4.2～387.3 mg.L^-1,水溶磷质量浓度与培养液pH呈显著负相关（r^2=0.621 6）。筛选出3株磷细菌进行玉米盆栽试验,结果表明,1株磷细菌处理的玉米干物质量和吸磷量与对照（处理4）相比无显著差异,2株磷细菌处理的玉米干物质量和吸磷量与对照相比有明显增加,干物质量增加了19.6%～37.5%,吸磷量增加了22.7%～40.2%,其中编号为HCW115解磷菌株的效果相当于施用无机磷（P）10 mg.kg^-1处理。     

Interactions between mangroves and exotic Spartina in an anthropogenically disturbed estuary in southern China

Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) was introduced to China in 1979 from the United States for reducing coastal erosion. It grows vigorously in China and has spread over much of the Chinese coast, from Leizhou Peninsula to Liaoning, a range of more than 19 degrees of latitude. On the southern coast of China, S. alterniflora has invaded mangrove-dominated habitats during the last two decades, but little is known about interactions between native mangroves and invasive S. alterniflora. We studied the distribution and competitive interactions between native mangroves and S. alterniflora in the Zhangjiang Estuary at four tidal sites along a salinity gradient: oligohaline upstream, mesohaline, polyhaline, and euhaline downstream. S. alterniflora occurred at all four sites, and several mangrove species occurred at all but the downstream euhaline site. S. alterniflora has invaded the estuary widely and has spread to the lower tidal margins of mangroves. It has not invaded mangrove areas with a closed canopy but has established in the mangrove zone where the canopy was opened by human disturbance. Ramets of S. alterniflora transplanted into the understory of mangrove stands with closed canopies died within 10 weeks, but 37.5% survived and grew well on open mud flats. S. alterniflora had virtually no competitive effect on mangrove seedlings planted at the upstream oligohaline site. However, S. alterniflora competitively reduced biomass of mangrove seedlings to 33% over a period of 14 weeks at the mesohaline and polyhaline sites where human disturbance has opened the mangrove canopy. In contrast, S. alterniflora marginally facilitated growth and survival of experimental seedlings at the downstream euhaline site. In China, mangroves occur along the coastline south of Whenzhou, but they have been severely disturbed and removed widely, mainly by mariculture activities. Natural vegetation patterns and our experimental results suggest that, without intervention, S. alterniflora could gradually replace these mangroves in mid-salinity regions of Chinese estuaries.