c-di-GMP在低温好氧颗粒污泥形成过程中的作用

在低温条件下运行好氧颗粒污泥反应器,絮状污泥颗粒化过程中信号分子可通过传导作用引起各层物质之间的组分变化,通过研究胞外聚合物及污泥相关疏水性的变化规律,并观察此过程中微生物菌群的群落演替特点,揭示环二鸟苷酸（c-di-GMP）在低温好氧颗粒污泥形成过程中的变化规律与影响作用.结果表明：接种污泥在颗粒化过程中,胞外聚合物含量从48mg/gMLVSS增长至139mg/gMLVSS,其中以TB层蛋白质增长为主,在颗粒化过程中,c-di-GMP含量由62μg/gMLVSS增至600μg/gMLVSS,始终影响微生物运动及生物膜形成,促使具备胞外聚合物分泌功能的菌群加快分泌胞外聚合物,促进好氧颗粒污泥的形成.各个阶段污泥中微生物种群存在较大差异,在反应器运行初始阶段与c-di-GMP合成相关的菌群占据优势,同时在后期表现出较好的脱氮除磷能力,在低温条件下好氧颗粒污泥微生物菌群发生演替并最终形成稳定的菌群结构.     

Contribution of the Kodama and 4S pathways to the dibenzothiophene biodegradation in different coastal wetlands under different C/N ratios

Dibenzothiophene (DBT) degradation mechanisms and the transformation of pathways during the incubation of three types of coastal sediments with C/N ratios ranging from 1 to 9 were investigated. The DBT degradation efficiencies were clearly improved with increasing C/N ratio in reed wetland sediments, tidal wetlands sediments and estuary wetland sediments. The quantitative response relationships between DBT degradation rates and related functional genes demonstrate that the Kodama pathway-related gene groups were dominant factors at low C/N ratios, while the 4S-related gene groups mainly determined the degradation rate when the C/N ratio was up to 5. Network analysis also shows that the pathway shifts from the Kodama pathway to the 4S pathway occurred through changes in the connections between functional genomes and rates. Furthermore, there were competition and collaboration between the Kodama and 4S pathways. The 4S pathway-related bacteria were more active in estuary wetland sediments compared with reed wetland sediments and tidal wetland sediments. The higher degradation efficiency in estuary wetland sediments may indicate the greater participation of the 4S pathway in the DBT biodegradation reaction. And the effects of ring cleavage of Kodama pathway caused more complete metabolizing of DBT.     

Effect of air masses motion on the rapid change of aerosols in marine atmosphere

The impact of air masses motion on marine aerosol properties was investigated using an on-board single particle mass spectrometer(SPAMS) deployed for the determination of single particle size resolved chemical composition over Southeast China Sea. Two aerosol blooms(E1 and E2) were observed during the cruise. High average particle number count occurred in E1(7320), followed by E2(5850), which was more than 100–150 times of the average particle number count during normal periods. Particles were classified as four major sources, including continental source, shipping source, marine source, and transport source based on the mass spectral similarity. Transport source was identified as those particles with high particle number count occurred only during aerosol bloom period. Three sub-types of EC-Ca, OC-Ca, and Al-rich were classified as transport source.EC-Ca was the dominant particles of the transport source, accounting for more than 70%of the total particles in aerosol bloom events. A uni-modal size distribution in the size range of 0.1–2.0 μm was observed during normal period, while a bimodal distribution with a tiny mode(0.3 μm) and a coarse mode between 0.4 and 0.6 μm was present during aerosol bloom. The variation of aerosol source is consistent with air masses back trajectories, for the reason that most of the long-range air trajectories are from the ocean,while short air trajectories originate in the continental regions, which means that air masses have a significant impact on the aerosol physical–chemical properties along their tracks.     

自然生境中厌氧氨氧化功能微生物生态学研究进展

自然生境中发生的厌氧氨氧化过程是继反硝化和好氧氨氧化后的又一条氮损失途径,对全球生态系统氮循环具有重要意义,但不同自然生态系统中存在不同种类的厌氧氨氧化微生物.通过阐述厌氧氨氧化反应发生的生理机制,并对不同自然环境中发现的厌氧氨氧化功能微生物进行梳理,分析了厌氧氨氧化菌分布的空间异质性成因.结果表明,适量的无机氮可以促进厌氧氨氧化的发生,有机碳含量低和低氧条件更有利于厌氧氨氧化菌的生存且厌氧氨氧化的活性较高,这与厌氧氨氧化菌的化能自养代谢途径有着紧密的联系,低养分条件下反硝化菌的活性受到短暂抑制,促进了厌氧氨氧化的发生.同时,适当的高盐环境会提高厌氧氨氧化活性并促进厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构转变,高盐度环境下Scalindua属占优势,低盐度环境下Brocadia属更占优势.厌氧氨氧化菌对温度变化有很好的适应性,大部分厌氧氨氧化菌（如Scalindua属、Kuenenia属和Brocadia属）对于极端环境均有较强的环境适应性;此外,悬浮颗粒物浓度、含水量等因素也会影响厌氧氨氧化菌的分布及其代谢活性.建议今后从基因组学、蛋白组学和转录组学相结合的角度对自然环境中的厌氧氨氧化菌开展生理生态机理的研究,并探明厌氧条件下Fe3+、Mn4+、SO₄2-等电子受体与厌氧氨氧化过程的生物化学联系,以更好地应用于工程技术研究,并为生态环境修复提供理论依据.      

浅海平台油气火灾事故模拟评估应用

全球海洋油气开发重特大火灾事故频发,油气生产安全面临严峻挑战,以我国浅海某中心平台组为研究对象,对可能发生的三相分离器喷射火火灾、管线交叉处喷射火火灾、生产平台池火火灾以及储罐平台池火火灾,采用FDS软件建立该平台组的火灾动力学模型,对油气泄漏后火灾的发展态势、火场温度、热辐射强度、设备温度以及不同火灾工况的对比分析,研究火灾发生后对人员伤害,以及平台上油气管线、分离器、油气储罐、平台栈桥等重要设备安全性的影响,并提出操作人员和重要设备的安全距离。针对火灾事故风险控制提出建议措施,对海上火灾风险分析未来研究方向进行阐述。     

沙特阿美石油公司HSE管理典型做法及启示

从安全文化建设、作业许可管理、安全教育培训、分承包商管理等4个方面简要介绍沙特阿美石油公司在HSE管理方面的典型做法,对我国石油化工工程建设企业提高HSE管理水平提供有益指导和借鉴。     

水华束丝藻对汞的吸附-解吸特征

通过室内模拟实验,探究不同丰度的活、死水华束丝藻对Hg²⁺的吸附动力学特征和等温吸附模型以及解吸特征。结果表明,水华束丝藻对Hg²⁺有较好的吸附效果,能在短时间内吸附大量Hg²⁺,120 min左右达到吸附平衡,且活藻对Hg²⁺的吸附效果比死藻好;活藻和死藻吸附Hg²⁺的动力学过程符合准一级、准二级动力学模型,且准二级动力学模型拟合效果更好;活、死水华束丝藻对Hg²⁺的吸附分别符合Langmuir模型、D-R模型,最大吸附量分别为2.07×10^-2 ng/（10⁶ cells）、3.56×10^-2 ng/（10⁶ cells）;水华束丝藻对Hg²⁺的单位吸附量随着藻丰度的增加而减少,吸附总量随着藻丰度的增加而增加。反应初期（0～5 min）,活、死水华束丝藻对Hg²⁺进行生物吸附,吸附速度快且效率高;随后活藻依靠新陈代谢将Hg²⁺转移至细胞内进行生物富集,因而活藻的单位吸附量高于死藻。活藻和死藻对Hg²⁺的解吸量随藻丰度的增加而增加,且死藻变化更明显。     

基于可解释性机器学习的城市O3驱动因素挖掘

受前体物排放和气象条件等因素共同驱动,大气臭氧(O₃)已成为影响城市夏季环境空气质量的主要污染物.目前物理化学机制驱动的演绎模型在进行O₃污染解析时需要的模型参数众多,运算时效性较差;数据驱动的归纳模型运算效率高,但存在可解释性差等问题.通过建立可解释性数据驱动的Correlation-ML-SHAP模型,Correlation模块挖掘O₃浓度关联影响因素,机器学习ML模块耦合可解释性SHAP模块计算各驱动因素对O₃浓度的影响贡献,实现对驱动因素的定量解析,并以晋城市2021年夏季O₃污染过程为例开展应用研究.结果表明,Correlation-ML-SHAP模型能够挖掘并利用强驱动因素模拟O₃浓度和量化影响贡献,其中ML模块采用XGBoost模型模拟准确度最佳. 2021年夏季晋城市O₃污染强驱动因素为：气温、日照强度、湿度和前体物排放水平,贡献权重为：32.1%、 21.3%、 16.5%和15.6%,其中气温、日照强度和前体物排放...     

防灾工程动态投资决策分析

本文应用最优控制理论对作者在文献[1]中所建立的两个防灾工程多变量动态投资决策模型进行了求解和理论分析。在一些基本符合工程实际的假设下得到了模型的解析解以及一些有意义的结果。