超声波技术处理微污染水的实验研究

通过实验,对使用超声波技术处理微污染水的效果、机理进行了初步研究,实验结果表明,超声波对微污染水的细菌和色度去除效果明显,细菌的去除符合一级反应动力学方程,对COD和浊度去除有一定效果,但不显著。结果还发现,水体pH值随时间呈上升趋势。     

焦炉装煤烟尘治理方案的探讨

焦炉装煤烟尘含有害物质，污染环境，危害人体健康。袋式除尘器的使用，消除了烟尘的污染，但因投资大、运行费用高、操作复杂，难以得到快速、广泛的推广。根据实验结果和已有应用情况，本文推荐了三相流化床除尘装置和颗粒层除尘器，它们可用于焦炉装煤烟尘治理，其投资和运行费用会大大降低。     

Prevalence and Bayesian Phylogenetics of Enteroviruses Derived From Environmental Surveillance Around Polio Vaccine Switch Period in Shandong Province,China

Food and Environmental Virology - We present the results of environmental surveillance for poliovirus (PV) and non-poliovirus (NPEV) around the switch from trivalent to bivalent oral polio-vaccine...     

1株耐盐异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌Zobellella sp.B307的分离及脱氮特性

从胶州湾沉积物中分离出1株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株B307,采用16S rRNA基因序列分析对该菌株进行鉴定,采用单因素实验对其进行条件优化和耐盐特性研究,并在最优条件下考察其在单一和混合氮源中的脱氮效果.结果表明,该菌为Zobellella sp.,其最佳碳源为丁二酸钠,最适C/N为5,最适初始p H为9,最适温度为35~40℃.该菌株在混合氮源体系中12 h对NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的去除率分别为98.35%和99.75%;在盐度为75 g·L~(-1)(以NaCl计)条件下24 h对NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N去除率仍分别保持在97.67%和94.39%.表明该菌株具有高效的异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力和较强的耐盐特性,在高盐废水脱氮等领域具有广泛的应用前景.     

Characterization of submicron particles during autumn in Beijing, China

In this study, we performed a highly time-resolved chemical characterization of nonrefractory submicron particles(NR-PM_1) in Beijing by using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-ToF-AMS). The results showed the average NR-PM_1 mass concentration to be 56.4 ± 58.0 μg/m~3, with a peak at 307.4 μg/m~3. Due to the high frequency of biomass burning in autumn, submicron particles significantly increased in organic content, which accounted for 51% of NR-PM_1 on average. Secondary inorganic aerosols(sulfate + nitrate + ammonium) accounted for 46% of NR-PM_1, of which sulfate,nitrate, and ammonium contributed 15%, 20%, and 11%, respectively. To determine the intrinsic relationships between the organic and inorganic species, we used the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model to merge the high-resolution mass spectra of the organic species and NO+and NO_2~+ions. The PMF analysis separated the mixed organic and nitrate(NO+and NO_2~+) spectra into four organic factors, including hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA), oxygenated organic aerosol(OOA), cooking organic aerosol(COA), and biomass burning organic aerosol(BBOA), as well as one nitrate inorganic aerosol(NIA) factor. COA(33%) and OOA(30%) contributed the most to the total organic aerosol(OA) mass, followed by BBOA(20%) and HOA(17%). We successfully quantified the mass concentrations of the organic and inorganic nitrates by the NO+and NO2+ions signal in the organic and NIA factors. The organic nitrate mass varied from 0.01-6.8 μg/m~3, with an average of 1.0 ±1.1 μg/m~3, and organic nitrate components accounted for 10% of the total nitrate mass in this observation.     

阴山北麓草原生态功能区防风固沙服务受益范围识别

风蚀是北方干旱与半干旱农牧交错带面临的严峻问题。论文以阴山北麓草原生态功能区为例,利用HYSPLIT模型模拟了当地生态系统提供的防风固沙服务流动路径,通过空间插值获得了功能区防风固沙服务的受益范围及其获得效益的相对大小,确定了受益范围内的土地覆被、受益人口及GDP。研究结果显示：1）2010年阴山北麓草原生态功能区的防风固沙服务大部分发生在春季,其流动路径主要往功能区东部和东南部区域延伸;2）防风固沙受益土地面积占全国土地面积的46%,主要位于功能区东部和南部地区;3）功能区受益的人口占当年全国总人口的75%,受益GDP占当年全国GDP总量的67%。未来可以根据受益区获得防风固沙效益的相对大小确定受益区不同区域横向生态付费金额,以补偿当地采取防风固沙措施导致的经济损失和投入,实现地区间公平,促进区域可持续发展。     

Performance and mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by zero-valent iron loaded onto expanded graphite

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) was loaded on expanded graphite (EG) to produce a composite material (EG-ZVI) for efficient removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). EG and EG-ZVI were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. EG-ZVI had a high specific surface area and contained sub-micron sized particles of zero-valent iron. Batch experiments were employed to evaluate the Cr(VI) removal performance. The results showed that the Cr(VI) removal rate was 98.80% for EG-ZVI, which was higher than that for both EG (10.00%) and ZVI (29.80%). Furthermore, the removal rate of Cr(VI) by EG-ZVI showed little dependence on solution pH within a pH range of 1–9. Even at pH 11, a Cr(VI) removal rate of 62.44% was obtained after reaction for 1 hr. EG-ZVI could enhance the removal of Cr(VI) via chemical reduction and physical adsorption, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the mechanisms of Cr(VI) removal, which indicated that the ZVI loaded on the surface was oxidized, and the removed Cr(VI) was immobilized via the formation of Cr(III) hydroxide and Cr(III)–Fe(III) hydroxide/oxyhydroxide on the surface of EG-ZVI.     

MIL-101高效吸附测定土壤气中三氯乙烯及健康风险评估

为研究基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算风险值与Johnson-Ettinger联合Dual-Equilibrium Desorption（JE-DED）模型和J&E模型计算风险值的差异,在MIL-101、UIO-66、ZIF-8和MOF-801金属-有机骨架（MOFs）材料,球形活性炭、膨胀石墨碳吸附材料及HiSiv1000和HiSiv3000分子筛等3类8种吸附剂中筛选出吸附效率较高的MIL-101 MOF材料用以吸附并测定土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）,并将基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算的风险值与J&E模型和JE-DED模型计算的风险值进行比较.结果表明:①对于北京潮土和黑龙江黑土,J&E模型计算的风险值比基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算的风险值高2个数量级.②对于w（有机碳）较低的北京潮土,基于JE-DED模型计算的风险值比基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算的风险值高1个数量级,但比基于J&E模型计算的风险值低1个数量级,表明JE-DED模型预测结果更接近实际情况,但仍偏保守.③w（有机碳）较高的黑龙江黑土,JE-DED模型计算的风险值与基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算的风险值更接近,JE-DED模型可以比较准确地预测三氯乙烯的风险值.研究显示,采用土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）实测值和JE-DED模型进行风险评价在一定程度上可以避免J&E计算过于保守的问题,可以更加真实客观地反映场地污染程度而避免过度修复产生资源浪费.      

不同培养方式下絮状污泥颗粒化特性和灰色关联度分析

为探索好氧颗粒污泥形成机理,开展了不同培养方式下絮状污泥颗粒化特性研究.选取3种培养方式:人工配水培养、海藻酸钠强化培养和农村模拟污水培养,利用灰色关联分析法,对比3种不同培养方式下,污泥颗粒化过程中各影响因素灰色关联度系数,筛选好氧颗粒污泥培养的关键因素.研究发现,人工配水培养方式下经过40 d成功出现好氧颗粒污泥,投加海藻酸钠强化培养方式下经过20 d出现好氧颗粒污泥,农村模拟污水经过55 d培养出好氧颗粒污泥.3种培养方式下出现的好氧颗粒污泥均具有密实的结构和较好的沉降性能,同时可实现对污染物的高效去除.利用数据处理系统(Data Processing System,DPS)对各影响因素的灰色关联度进行分析,发现不同培养方式下污泥颗粒化过程中起主导作用的影响因素并非唯一,水力停留时间和胞外聚合物在各培养方式中均具有较高的关联度系数,对好氧颗粒污泥的形成具有关键作用.     

基于PMF模型及地统计的土壤重金属健康风险定量评价

为定量评估不同土壤重金属来源带来的人体健康风险差异,选取山东省章丘市为研究区,系统采集425处土壤样品,测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn共8种土壤重金属含量,采用描述性统计特征评估土壤重金属富集状态,进一步利用受体模型正定矩阵分解法（positive matrix factorization,PMF）和地统计技术确定土壤重金属的来源及分配,最后基于重金属来源构建健康风险定量评估模型.结果表明：①表层土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn含量均超出背景值,但未超出农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,表明土壤重金属出现一定的富集.②土壤重金属来源可分为3类,Cr和Ni的空间分布大致相当,且与风化母岩空间分布趋势相近,为自然来源,Cd、Cu和Zn受道路运输控制为交通来源,空间分布上受道路布局影响明显,Hg、Pb和As元素含量高值区与工业区城区分布相对应,工业排放和燃煤加剧Hg在土壤中的富集,属于工业来源,其来源占比最大约为41.85%,交通来源和自然来源分别为33.79%和24.36%.③不同种元素在手口、呼吸和皮肤接触暴露途径下产生的非致癌与致癌风险处于可接受范围内,儿童最大致癌（36.53%）与非致癌风险（36.01%）的重金属来源均为工业源,而交通源是成人的最大致癌（34.98%）与非致癌风险（37.06%）来源,重金属来源和暴露途径的差异化规避是降低重金属健康风险的关键.