路面径流生态阻控技术研究——以改性麦饭石透水沥青路面为例

为强化透水沥青路面对路面径流中氮、磷的控制效果,采用铁盐联合碱热技术制备了涂层负载改性麦饭石蓄水层集料,并运用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对改性后麦饭石集料的表面形态、特征和化学成分进行了表征.同时,通过静态吸附试验对TP的吸附效果及其作用机理进行了对比研究.最后将改性麦饭石作为蓄水层集料应用于透水沥青路面中,通过模拟降雨和周期蓄水试验探究其净化机制.结果表明:相比于天然麦饭石,铁盐联合碱改性麦饭石的表面性状发生了明显变化,最大饱和吸附容量明显提高,对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附容量分别从1.32 mg·g~(-1)和1.48 mg·g~(-1)提升到12.82 mg·g~(-1)和6.38 mg·g~(-1);降雨全过程中改性蓄水层路面对NH~+_4-N的整体去除效率可提高20%左右,对TP的净化效率至少可提高15%,蓄水阶段较模拟降雨阶段污染物的去除效果显著提高,改性后麦饭石蓄水层24 h后的出水水质均可达III类水标准,强化蓄水层和提高蓄水时间是提高路面径流净化效率的有效措施.因此,本实验中铁盐联合碱热技术制备的改性麦饭石可推荐用于海绵城市生态处理设施透水沥青路面中削减氨氮和总磷的污染负荷.     

生物炭中持久性自由基对秀丽隐杆线虫的毒性

为了评价生物炭的使用对生态系统,尤其是对土壤无脊椎动物的毒性影响,使用模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans,C.elegans）来评估生物炭的环境风险.观察了生物炭原样、生物炭颗粒物和生物炭浸提液对线虫神经行为学评价指标（身体摆动频率、相对运动长度、排泄间隔时间、碰触反应率和化学感知行为指数）的影响;并结合生物炭的理化性质、非金属元素组成和重金属元素含量以及环境持久性自由基（EPFRs）的强度,评估生物炭对线虫的生物毒性.结果显示,EPFRs信号强的生物炭和颗粒物对秀丽隐杆线虫有一定的毒物兴奋效应,EPFRs信号微弱的浸提液无显著性影响.因此,生物炭中的EPFRs对秀丽隐杆线虫有潜在的神经毒性作用.     

微波催化燃烧气态甲苯特性及床层温度分布

采用浸渍法制备Cu-Mn-Ce/堇青石蜂窝催化剂,于微波催化燃烧装置中考察其对甲苯废气的催化活性与稳定性,并对固定床温度进行了测试分析.研究表明,微波加热下床层温度分布均匀,甲苯的最佳反应温度在230~270℃之间.当停留时间大于9.7s且床层温度高于270℃时,甲苯的降解率大于90%.铜锰铈单金属氧化物及其复合氧化物尖晶石是主要的活性组分,甲苯在其表面上进行准一级反应而被催化氧化.高温对催化剂结构有影响,但重复性试验证实了催化剂的高活性和良好的稳定性.本文为微波催化燃烧技术治理VOCs废气的中试研究及下一步的实际应用提供了理论支持.     

Effects of typical algae species (Aphanizomenon flosaquae and Microcystis aeruginosa) on photoreduction of Hg2+ in water body

Photoreduction characteristics of divalent inorganic mercury(Hg~(2+)) in the presence of specific algae species are still not well known. Laboratory experiments were conducted in the present study to identify the effects of different concentrations of living/dead algae species, including Aphanizomenon flosaquae(AF) and Microcystis aeruginosa(MA), on the photoreduction rate of Hg~(2+)under various light conditions. The experimental results showed that percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)was significantly influenced by radiation wavelengths, and dramatically decreased with the presence of algae. The highest percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)was induced by UV-A, followed by UV-B, visible light and dark for both living and dead AF, and the order was dark UV-A UV-B visible light for both living and dead MA. There were two aspects, i.e., energy and attenuation rate of light radiation and excrementitious generated from algae metabolisms, were involved in the processes of Hg~(2+)photoreduction with the presence of algae under different light conditions. The percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)decreased from 15% to 11% when living and dead AF concentrations increased by 10 times(from 106 to 105 cells/mL), and decreased from 11% to ～ 9% in the case of living and dead MA increased. Algae can adsorb Hg~(2+)and decrease the concentration of free Hg~(2+), thus inhibiting Hg~(2+)photoreduction, especially under the conditions with high concentrations of algae. No significant differences were found in percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)between living and dead treatments of algae species.The results are of great importance for understanding the role of algae in Hg~(2+)photoreduction.     

基于我国人群胃肠消化特征的土壤中As的人体可给性研究

基于我国人群胃肠消化特征,采用医学配方模拟胃肠消化方法测试了来自大连、湖南和广西的13个受重金属污染土壤中As的人体可给性,分析了土壤理化参数与可给性的相关关系及提取液中酶、胃肠液pH值、提取时间对As的人体可给性的影响.结果表明,医学配方可给性测试中,供试土样在胃、肠阶段As的人体可给性分别为5.03%~44.54%和10.77%~51.46%,平均值为18.08%、29.32%.胃阶段As的可给性浓度与土壤中总As含量w（TAs）、总P含量w（TP）极显著正相关,与总Al含量w（TAl）、土壤pH值、总有机质含量w（TOM）显著相关;肠阶段As的可给性浓度与土壤中w（TAs）、胃阶段As的可给性浓度、w（TP）极显著相关,与土壤pH值、w（TAl）和w（TOM）显著相关.胃阶段提取液中的胃蛋白酶显著降低了As的可给性,而肠阶段添加胰蛋白酶As的可给性没有明显变化.胃、肠阶段分别在pH值为0.9和5.0时可给性最大,0.9和5.0可分别作为土壤As在可给性测试过程中模拟胃肠液的pH值.胃、肠阶段在提取时间分别为1.0h、4.0h时可给性达到最大,且之后基本不变,1.0h、4.0h可作为模拟测试As在胃肠中可给性的提取时间.研究结果表明开展基于我国人群胃肠消化特征的土壤重金属人体可给性测试方法具有重要意义.     

Effect of air masses motion on the rapid change of aerosols in marine atmosphere

The impact of air masses motion on marine aerosol properties was investigated using an on-board single particle mass spectrometer(SPAMS) deployed for the determination of single particle size resolved chemical composition over Southeast China Sea. Two aerosol blooms(E1 and E2) were observed during the cruise. High average particle number count occurred in E1(7320), followed by E2(5850), which was more than 100–150 times of the average particle number count during normal periods. Particles were classified as four major sources, including continental source, shipping source, marine source, and transport source based on the mass spectral similarity. Transport source was identified as those particles with high particle number count occurred only during aerosol bloom period. Three sub-types of EC-Ca, OC-Ca, and Al-rich were classified as transport source.EC-Ca was the dominant particles of the transport source, accounting for more than 70%of the total particles in aerosol bloom events. A uni-modal size distribution in the size range of 0.1–2.0 μm was observed during normal period, while a bimodal distribution with a tiny mode(0.3 μm) and a coarse mode between 0.4 and 0.6 μm was present during aerosol bloom. The variation of aerosol source is consistent with air masses back trajectories, for the reason that most of the long-range air trajectories are from the ocean,while short air trajectories originate in the continental regions, which means that air masses have a significant impact on the aerosol physical–chemical properties along their tracks.     

废弃硅钼棒循环再利用制备MoSi2 基抗氧化涂层

目的在实现钼资源循环再利用的同时,提高钼合金高温抗氧化性能。方法将废弃硅钼棒破碎、球磨制成粉末,并结合玻璃粉和硅粉作为原料,采用浆料法在钼基体上制备MoSi_2基抗氧化涂层。通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和1400℃静态等温氧化实验等分析涂层的微观组织、结构及抗氧化性能。结果制备的MoSi_2基抗氧化涂层厚度约500μm,涂层整体上呈现出相对致密的结构。在1400℃氧化20h后,涂层质量增量为5.88 mg/cm2,呈现出较好的防氧化效果。结论利用浆料法,以废弃硅钼棒为原料,在实现钼资源回收再利用的同时,为钼合金表面制备具有较好抗氧化性能的MoSi_2基抗氧化涂层。氧化过程中,涂层在表面形成了一层致密的SiO2玻璃,具有较强的阻氧能力,减少氧气向基体的渗入,可以在高温氧化环境有效提升钼基体的抗氧化能力。     

我国典型核电厂址海域中广域性鱼类的热耐受性研究

开展温排水对受纳水体中海洋生物的热耐受性研究,是温排水环境影响评价及其排放控制标准建立和完善的必要环节和重要依据。本文以红沿河、石岛湾、三门和台山4个典型核电厂址邻近海域作为研究区域,选取典型核电厂址海域内共有的广域性鱼类（即矛尾鰕虎鱼（chaeturichthys stigmatias））,通过受控实验研究目标鱼类的高起始致死温度及不同季节中温升速率对其耐温能力即最高临界温度的影响。试验结果表明:温升速率对不同厂址海域捕获的矛尾鰕虎鱼在不同季节的最大临界温度（critical temperature maximum,CTM）的影响规律不同;CTM和24 h高起始致死温度（upper incipient lethal temperature,UILT₅₀）与试验起始温度成正比;同一物种CTM的主要影响因素除了温升速率、试验起始温度,还有物种个体大小、生长发育阶段等其他关键因素;相同条件下矛尾鰕虎鱼的CTM均高于其24 hUILT₅₀。     

浅海平台油气火灾事故模拟评估应用

全球海洋油气开发重特大火灾事故频发,油气生产安全面临严峻挑战,以我国浅海某中心平台组为研究对象,对可能发生的三相分离器喷射火火灾、管线交叉处喷射火火灾、生产平台池火火灾以及储罐平台池火火灾,采用FDS软件建立该平台组的火灾动力学模型,对油气泄漏后火灾的发展态势、火场温度、热辐射强度、设备温度以及不同火灾工况的对比分析,研究火灾发生后对人员伤害,以及平台上油气管线、分离器、油气储罐、平台栈桥等重要设备安全性的影响,并提出操作人员和重要设备的安全距离。针对火灾事故风险控制提出建议措施,对海上火灾风险分析未来研究方向进行阐述。     

沙特阿美石油公司HSE管理典型做法及启示

从安全文化建设、作业许可管理、安全教育培训、分承包商管理等4个方面简要介绍沙特阿美石油公司在HSE管理方面的典型做法,对我国石油化工工程建设企业提高HSE管理水平提供有益指导和借鉴。