Ozone pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis using an observation-based model in Nanjing, Yangtze River Delta Region of China

Ground-level ozone (O₃) has become a critical pollutant impeding air quality improvement in Yangtze River Delta region of China. In this study, we present O₃ pollution characteristics based on one-year online measurements during 2016 at an urban site in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Then, the sensitivity of O₃ to its precursors during 2 O₃ pollution episodes in August was analyzed using a box model based on observation (OBM). The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of hydrocarbons was larger than other precursors, suggesting that hydrocarbons played the dominant role in O₃ formation. The RIR values for NO_X ranged from –0.41%/% to 0.19%/%. The O₃ sensitivity was also analyzed based on relationship of simulated O₃ production rates with reductions of VOC and NO_X derived from scenario analyses. Simulation results illustrate that O₃ formation was between VOCs-limited and transition regime. Xylenes and light alkenes were found to be key species in O₃ formation according to RIR values, and their sources were determined using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Paints and solvent use was the largest contributor to xylenes (54%), while petrochemical industry was the most important source to propene (82%). Discussions on VOCs and NO_X reduction schemes suggest that the 5% O₃ control goal can be achieved by reducing VOCs by 20%. To obtain 10% O₃ control goal, VOCs need to be reduced by 30% with VOCs/NO_X larger than 3:1.     

Metabolomic modulations in a freshwater microbial community exposed to the fungicide azoxystrobin

An effective broad-spectrum fungicide, azoxystrobin (AZ), has been widely detected in aquatic ecosystems, potentially affecting the growth of aquatic microorganisms. In the present study, the eukaryotic alga Monoraphidium sp. and the cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena sp. were exposed to AZ for 7 days. Our results showed that 0.2–0.5 mg/L concentrations of AZ slightly inhibited the growth of Monoraphidium sp. but stimulated Pseudanabaena sp. growth. Meanwhile, AZ treatment effectively increased the secretion of total organic carbon (TOC) in the culture media of the two species, and this phenomenon was also found in a freshwater microcosm experiment (containing the natural microbial community). We attempted to assess the effect of AZ on the function of aquatic microbial communities through metabolomic analysis and further explore the potential risks of this compound. The metabonomic profiles of the microcosm indicated that the most varied metabolites after AZ treatment were related to the citrate cycle (TCA), fatty acid biosynthesis and purine metabolism. We thereby inferred that the microbial community increased extracellular secretions by adjusting metabolic pathways, which might be a stress response to reduce AZ toxicity. Our results provide an important theoretical basis for further study of fungicide stress responses in aquatic microcosm microbial communities, as well as a good start for further explorations of AZ detoxification mechanisms, which will be valuable for the evaluation of AZ environmental risk.     

达里诺尔湖水体DOM荧光特征及其来源解析

达里诺尔湖（简称“达里湖”）是内蒙古自治区高原地区重要的生态屏障,探究达里湖水质状况及污染来源,对加强流域水环境治理、改善水环境质量具有十分重要的意义.于2018年9月及2019年6月对湖水进行采样,并通过三维荧光光谱结合PARAFAC（平行因子分析）模型,探究达里湖水体DOM（溶解性有机质）来源及其与水质的关系.结果表明:①达里湖水体中pH较高,ρ（DOC）（DOC为溶解性有机碳）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TP）相对较高,均超过GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水质标准限值.②水体中DOM含4种荧光组分.夏季水体DOM主要分布于河流入湖口附近,其中,类腐殖质荧光组分（紫外区类富里酸和可见区类富里酸）占总组分的62.93%,类蛋白类荧光组分（类色氨酸和类酪氨酸）占总组分的36.07%;秋季水体DOM主要分布于东南侧,其中,类腐殖质荧光组分占总组分的40.52%,类蛋白类荧光组分占总组分的59.48%.③达里湖采样点荧光参数表明,达里湖DOM自生源特征较强,腐殖化程度较低.类腐殖质荧光组分与ρ（DOC）、ρ（Chla）均呈正相关,类色氨酸荧光组分与pH呈正相关,类络氨酸与ρ（DTN）、ρ（NH4+-N）、ρ（DTP）均呈正相关.研究显示,达里湖DOM具有陆源与生物源双重特性,DOM的形成与微生物、细菌、浮游生物的生命活动密切相关.      

不同制备温度下污泥生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性

以城市剩余污泥为原料,于300,400,500,600 ℃温度条件下制备生物炭,通过单因素静态吸附实验探讨制备温度对生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的影响。结果表明:在500 ℃以内随着温度上升制备的生物炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附量增加,制备温度高于500 ℃后变化不明显;扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积（BET）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）表征结果显示,热解温度对生物炭表面形貌和官能团组成有显著影响;等温模型及动力学拟合结果表明,生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）为单分子层吸附、物理-化学复合吸附。热解温度对污泥制备生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的性能有显著影响,最佳制备温度为500 ℃,在此条件制备的生物炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的理论吸附量可达7.93 mg/g。     

污泥与不同pH值渗滤液联合厌氧发酵产氢分析

以污泥与垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液为原料,通过小瓶批式试验,考察了垃圾渗滤液的添加量以及渗滤液初始pH对联合厌氧消化产氢的影响。结果表明:未添加污泥的渗滤液本身也可以在厌氧发酵过程中产氢。而污泥与垃圾渗滤液联合厌氧发酵,当渗滤液初始pH为5.20时,添加90%的渗滤液体系产氢量最大,为201.58 mL,最大产氢速率也最高,为9.56 mL/h;当初始渗滤液pH为4.47时,最大产氢量出现在渗滤液添加剂量为60%的样品,为57.73 mL,随后减小,但最大产氢速率在添加40%的渗滤液达到峰值,为5.11 mL/h。     

内饰材料发射率对密封舱室热防护效率的影响

目的探究密封舱室热防护效率与其内饰材料表面发射率的关系,分析内饰材料发射率对其表面温度、舱室内温度的影响规律。方法采用自行设计的小型密封舱室和加热测量装置,对内饰材料表面及舱室内温度进行测量。结果当内饰材料发射率为0.09时,内饰表面温度为141.2℃,舱室内平均温度仅为90.8℃;内饰材料发射率为0.91时,内饰表面温度为124.4℃,舱室内平均温度为109.1℃。结论试样表面温度随材料发射率的提高而降低,舱室内部空气平均温度随材料发射率的提高而升高;试样表面温度与舱室空气平均温度的温度差随材料发射率的提高而减小;同时,相同试样表面温度与舱室平均温度的温度差随加热温度的提高而增加。     

长治市沙尘天气污染特征及传输路径解析

以2018年3次沙尘天气为研究对象,分析了PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度、水溶性离子组分、气象条件和气溶胶光学特征,研究了长治市沙尘天气的典型污染特征和传输路径.结果表明：长治市2018年共8d为受沙尘天气影响日,其中4月份最多（5d）,这与春季大气环流调整,冷暖空气活动频繁有关.沙尘污染发生前一般受西方或西北方冷空气影响,大气层结不稳定,大气环流转为经向环流,平均风速达4m/s以上;沙尘污染过程中PM_2.5/PM₁₀均低于0.3,环境空气中粗颗粒物占比较大,水溶性离子总浓度在PM_2.5中占比下降,Ca²⁺浓度为沙尘污染发生前的4倍以上.冬季沙尘为近地面扩散传输,春夏季沙尘为高空沉降传输,影响范围大,区域传输贡献明显.长治市沙尘重要潜在源区为蒙古国、哈萨克斯坦中部和新疆中北部的荒漠地区,传输路径主要为西北路径和正北路径,其中西北路径为哈萨克斯坦—新疆中北部—内蒙古西部—长治以及新疆中北部—内蒙古西部—长治两条路径,正北路径为蒙古国—内蒙古中部—山西北部—长治.     

京津冀地区钢铁行业协同减排成本-效益分析

京津冀地区是我国钢铁行业布局最集中的区域,也是大气污染治理的重点区域之一.分析京津冀地区钢铁行业各类治污手段中长期减排的成本-效益,对于选择最经济有效的减排路径、加快推动该地区大气环境质量达标意义重大.基于能源环境、环境分布、人群健康效益评价等模块构建多模型耦合方法,以2015年为基准年,以每5 a为时间节点,设计了京津冀地区钢铁行业规模-结构、规模-技术、规模-末端治理、综合减排4种协同减排情景,计算各情景下2015—2030年京津冀地区钢铁行业主要污染物(SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO₂)的减排成本与效益,比较获取治污减排的最优路径方案.结果表明:①基于减排成本计算,规模-末端治理减排情景成本最低,分别为规模-结构、规模-技术减排情景投入的15.18%、23.94%;综合减排情景下治污减排潜力最大,但综合成本最高.②基于环境税效益评价方法、人群健康效益评价方法计算显示,人群健康效益评价方法计算的减排效益高于环境税效益评价方法,表明污染减排的潜在人群健康效益更高;基于两种减排效益方法,4种协同减排情景中综合减排效益分别为10.78×108、76.14×108元,高于规模-结构、规模-技术、规模-末端治理减排情景效益.③基于环境税效益评价方法,4种协同减排情景的效益-成本比表现为规模-末端治理减排情景(0.46) >规模-技术减排情景(0.24) >综合减排情景(0.15) >规模-结构减排情景(0.10);基于人群健康效益评价方法4种协同减排情景的效益-成本比依次为规模-末端治理减排情景(8.35) >综合减排情景(1.07) >规模-结构减排情景(0.57) >规模-技术减排情景(0.65),表明规模-末端治理减排情景的减排路径最优.研究显示,京津冀地区钢铁行业应基于环境质量底线目标要求,综合考虑减排潜力、减排成本与收益,以规模-末端治理为主要途径,选取协同减排的最优路径.      

矿山排水污染稻田土壤胶体对砷的吸附研究

为研究矿山排水污染土壤胶体对砷的吸附影响,文章以高砷污染区和背景区土壤的胶体在不同的pH、离子强度以及好氧/厌氧淹水条件下对As(Ⅴ)的吸附进行对比试验。结果表明:土壤胶体对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量随pH的增大而减少,且污染区胶体比背景区胶体对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量大;离子强度越大,胶体对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量越大,Ca(NO_3)_2浓度从0.001 mol/L增至0.1 mol/L时,污染区与背景区胶体对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量分别增加了30.57%、50.25%;厌氧淹水后的胶体对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量低于好氧条件下的胶体,解吸量较高,且厌氧淹水后污染区胶体与背景区胶体相比无明显吸附优势,而好氧条件下污染区胶体的解吸率低于背景区胶体,说明厌氧淹水后的胶体不易吸附且易释放As(Ⅴ)。因此,低p H和高离子强度以及好氧的条件有利于土壤胶体对砷的吸附。