农药类建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测工作中的几点思考

针对农药类建设项目行业特点,梳理了在竣工验收监测应关注的重点内容包括确定验收范围、理清项目实际建设发生的变化、把握特征污染监测等,并对一些常遇到的问题提出了解决对策。     

基于大数据分析的大气网格化监测质控技术研究

基于对现阶段中国环境空气的污染特征及监测手段进行分析,研究了如何采用传感器技术进行大气污染防治网格化监测。对标物校准、训化校准、自适应校准、传递校准等校准质控技术进行了充分研究并基于此建立了自主学习神经网络算法的校准体系。为解决传感器应用过程中零点漂移、温度和湿度漂移、时间漂移等问题,利用大数据、基因算法成功开发出了智能数据修正模型,实现了低成本、高稳定、具有相当精度且可自动化运行的网格化监测体系。     

搅拌棒萃取-热脱附/气质联用法测定水中2-MIB和土臭素

采用搅拌棒萃取-热脱附/气质联用法测定水中2-甲基异莰醇和土臭素,优化了搅拌棒萃取和热脱附进样的条件。试验表明：两种目标化合物在1．00 ng/L～200 ng/L范围内线性良好,2-甲基异莰醇的相关系数为0．9993,土臭素的相关系数为0．9997,方法检出限分别为0．31 ng/L和0．15 ng/L;空白和实际样品的加标回收率为82．4％～116％,测定结果的RSD＜10％。     

工业链条炉燃用型煤与原煤颗粒物排放特征

选取燃烧型煤和原煤的典型链条炉,应用自行设计的固定源烟气颗粒物稀释采样系统,现场测试细颗粒物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和金属元素的排放特征。结果表明,型煤燃烧细颗粒物的排放比例高于原煤,型煤燃烧除尘器进口、出口PM_(2.5)质量比原煤燃烧分别增加715%和708%。燃烧型煤时,As和Pb在各粒径段的质量比均比原煤大。同时,由于型煤燃烧可吸入颗粒物的排放比例增加,包含或附着在烟尘上的金属元素排放比例也相应增加。     

Residue levels of hexachlorocyclohexane and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in human milk collected from Beijing

Forty-eight human breast milk samples were collected from mothers in Beijing. The hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (including α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDT) contents of the samples were determined by gas chromatography/electron capture detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDT were detected at rates of 20, 100, 10, 100, 10, and 22 %, respectively. The average residue levels in the samples were 174.6 ng/g fat for β-HCH, 333.8 ng/g fat for p,p′-DDE, 6.57 ng/g fat for α-HCH, 7.67 ng/g fat for γ-HCH, 4.18 ng/g fat for p,p′-DDD, and 11.4 ng/g fat for p,p′-DDT. The results showed that the infants’ daily intake levels of HCH and DDT were 0.95 and 1.76 μg/kg body weight/day, respectively. Our result suggested that the total residue level of these organochlorine pesticides in breast milk from Beijing decreased and was lower than that from other coastal and heavy industrial cities in China. On the other hand, the levels of HCH and DDT were higher than those from some developed countries, but lower than those from other developing countries such as India.     

一种快速便捷的温室气体本底浓度采样方法初探

引入生态和气象研究领域的本底大气观测技术,提出一种便捷快速的温室气体本底浓度采样方法。该方法需要的设备简单,便于携带,能够快速完成采样。2011年5—7月,利用该方法,自西向东分别在处于我国三大阶梯的青藏高原东北缘、秦巴山区、长江中下游平原,选择不同类型的土地覆盖下垫面开展了地面采样实验,获得了33组以CO2和CH4为主的温室气体浓度数据。根据获得的采样结果,分别开展了人工采样数据分析及其与器测本底数据、卫星反演同期数据产品的对比分析,结果显示,几类数据趋势相符,数值相对偏差较低。总体认为,该方法获得的采样数据可靠、采样效率高,且成本低廉,这在我国温室气体自动监测站还比较少的现实情况下,不失为一种可选的快速便捷监测技术手段。     

Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China

Concentrations, spatial distribution and sources of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and methylnaphthalene were investigated in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China. Total PAH concentrations, excluding perylene, ranged from 107 to 1707 ng/g-dw. Sedimentary PAH concentrations of the Huangpu River were higher than those of the Yangtze Estuary. The concentration of the Suzhou River was close to the average concentration of the Huangpu River. PAHs source analysis suggested that, in the Yangtze Estuary, PAHs at locations far away from cities were mainly from petrogenic sources. At other locations, both petrogenic and pyrogenic inputs were significant. In the Huangpu and Suzhou Rivers, pyrogenic input outweighed other sources. The pyrogenic PAHs in the upper reaches of the Huangpu River were mainly from the incomplete combustion of grass, wood and coal, and those in the middle and lower reaches were from vehicle and vessel exhaust.     

二氧化锰氧化降解五氯酚的动力学模拟研究

研究了五氯酚(PCP)在二氧化锰(MnO2)氧化作用下的降解反应动力学,并讨论了无机离子和有机组分对PCP降解动力学的影响.采用n级反应速率模型对PCP降解动力学进行非线性拟合,结果显示n＞0.999,这表明一级反应速率模型适用于模拟PCP降解反应.在保证95%置信区间的条件下,采用准一级反应速率模型对0.5 h内的PCP降解动力学进行了非线性拟合,得到的离心法和维生素C破坏法下PcP降解表观速率常数kobs分别是2.86和2.14 h-1.二价金属离子的加入能降低PCP的kobs;当超过MnO2初始浓度2%以上的Mn2 存在时,Mn2 能对PCP的kobs产生显著影响,而其它不同类型和浓度的离子对kobs不产生显著影响.8种酚酸中的咖啡酸、丁香酸和五倍子酸对kobs的抑制作用达到了显著性水平;而肉桂酸、香豆酸、阿魏酸和邻(对)羟基苯甲酸的影响不明显.研究表明,降低PCP降解速率的主要原因是由于导致PCP在MnO2表面的吸附作用减弱或在MnO2表面与PCP发生竞争反应造成的.     

低碳理念在工业园区规划环评中的应用

工业园区是温室气体排放的重要源头之一,工业园区规划环评应在规划的基础上,探讨如何在评价过程中通过制定合理的对策措施,促进园区低碳发展。本文分析了低碳发展理念纳入工业园区规划环评的工作重点,建议规划环评完善评价内容,在原有评价体系中融入园区温室气体排放特征、设定低碳发展评价指标、优化设计能源结构、构建低碳产业体系、低碳发展替代方案以及碳排放跟踪评价等内容,以达到规划环评指导工业园区按低碳路径发展的目的。     

Occurrence, polarity and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in the Huangpu River, China

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles in aquatic ecosystem. To investigate the characteristics of DOM in Huangpu River {the last tributary of the Yangtze River）, surface water samples were collected along the river from December 2011 to June, 2013. The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, the absorbance and fluorescence spectrum of DOM in water samples were measured. Fluorescent DOM in the Huangpu River was decomposed into four components by the parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC）, including one humic-like substance and three protein-like substances. It showed that high spatial variability of DOC concentration was observed in the upstream water compared to the downstream water, and so did the absorbance coefficients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and the total fluorescence intensities of different PARAFAC components of DOM. Furthermore, there was a large difference between the polarity and bioavailability of DOM in the Huangpu River. Polar compounds dominated tyrosine-like component of fluorescent DOM in all seasons. Tryptophan-like and humic-like substances had more polar fraction in summer and autumn than those in winter, while aromatic protein-like materials had the highest polar fraction in winter. Almost all of fluorescent DOM components were refractory in spring, while less than 20% of fluorescent DOM in average were biodegradable within 4 weeks in other seasons. We concluded that the spatial variation in the abundance of DOM in the Huangpu River is mainly affected by the water discharges from the Hangjiahu Plain and the seasonal difference in polarity and bioavailability of DOM is largely determined by its origins.