粉煤灰合成沸石对铬污染土壤中Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附稳定化效果及机制研究

为解决Cr(Ⅲ)对土壤的污染问题,采用碱熔水热法制取粉煤灰合成沸石,研究沸石掺量、反应时间、水分质量分数、初始pH值和Cr(Ⅲ)初始质量比等因素对合成沸石吸附稳定化铬污染土壤中Cr(Ⅲ)效果的影响,建立吸附等温线模型和吸附动力学方程,并进行微观表征和吸附稳定化机制分析.结果表明,粉煤灰合成沸石对污染土中Cr(Ⅲ)有良好的吸附稳定化效果.当沸石掺量为15％、水分质量分数为26％、pH值为5～9时,对Cr(Ⅲ)进行稳定化修复效果好.Cr(Ⅲ)的毒性浸出随Cr(Ⅲ)初始质量比增加而增大,随反应时间延长先逐渐减小而后趋于稳定.动力学及热力学拟合结果表明,准二级动力学模型及Langmuir等温模型可以解释Cr(Ⅲ)在合成沸石上的吸附行为,其中影响吸附速率的主要因素为膜扩散.SEM、XRD等微观分析结果显示粉煤灰合成沸石后,其结构发生明显变化,比表面积增大,有利于对Cr(Ⅲ)吸附稳定化.合成沸石吸附稳定化污染土中Cr(Ⅲ)的机制是离子交换、静电引力、沉淀等物理及化学吸附作用综合的结果.     

基于等维新息灰色马尔科夫的地铁客流量预测*

为准确预测地铁客流量的发展趋势,采用等维新息灰色GM（1,1）预测模型与马尔科夫模型相结合的方式建立等维新息灰色马尔科夫模型,探讨等维新息灰色马尔科夫模型在地铁客流量预测领域的应用;运用平均相对误差、后验差比值和小误差概率3种指标对模型精度进行检验。结果表明:等维新息灰色马尔科夫模型与原始数列的拟合程度较高,预测精度等级为Ⅰ级（优）,优于传统灰色GM(1,1)模型和等维新息灰色GM(1,1)模型的预测精度,更加符合地铁客流的实际情况。     

库岸涉水滑坡危险性现状分析与预测评价

为合理评价库岸涉水滑坡危险性,基于层次分析法与模糊理论,构建滑坡危险性现状评价模型,并利用优化支持向量机构建滑坡变形预测模型,通过对比分析实现滑坡危险性综合判断。结果表明:大柿树滑坡危险性现状为69.78分,风险等级为Ⅲ级,属高度危险;通过危险性预测评价,滑坡变形呈持续增加趋势,将趋于不利方向发展;综合滑坡危险性现状分析与预测评价结果可知,滑坡危险性相对较大。研究结果可为滑坡灾害防治提供一定理论依据。     

A comparison of concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds detected in dust samples from various regions of the world

Settled house dust can be a source of human exposure to toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through non-dietary ingestion and dermal contact. Information regarding the concentrations of various contaminants in house dust would be useful in estimating the risk associated with exposure to these compounds. This study reports on the surface loading, variability and distribution of PAHs in settled house dust collected from homes in three locations: Sumgayit, Azerbaijan; Shanxi Province, China; and southern Texas, United States. The highest PAH floor surface loadings were observed in China, followed by Azerbaijan and Texas. Median concentrations of high molecular weight (four ring and larger) PAHs ranged from a low of 0.11 microg/m(2) in Texas, to 2.9 microg/m(2) in Azerbaijan and 162 microg/m(2) in China. These trends in total surface loading and relative carcinogenicity indicate that the risk of health effects from exposure to PAHs in house dust is highest in the Chinese population and lowest in the Texas population. As anticipated, variability among dust samples from different houses within the same region was high, with coefficients of variation greater than 100%. Alkylated PAHs comprised 30-50% of the total mass of PAHs. Based on a comparison of the composition of specific components, PAHs in China and Azerbaijan were determined to be derived mainly from combustion sources rather than from unburned fossil fuels such as petroleum. These results, coupled with ongoing investigation of appropriate PAH exposure biomarkers in humans, will guide future efforts to identify ways to reduce exposures in the study areas.     

三峡库区次级河流回水区环境因子对藻类生长影响的模拟实验研究

从三峡库区次级河流139m回水区采集水样,选用L9(34)正交表进行藻类培养试验,以Chla最大浓度作为指标选择适合藻类生长的适宜条件.结果表明,当控制水样温度为20℃、光照为8000lx、活性磷酸盐和溶解无机氮浓度分别为2.86μmol·L-1、85.71μmol·L-1时藻类生长最好;磷为限制该水域藻类生长的营养元素,藻类生长氮磷元素适宜摩尔比约为30:1.在适宜生长条件下,对数期藻细胞比生长率达到1.03d-1,稳定期Chla最大浓度达到110mg·m-3.     

Changes of Cu, Zn, and Ni chemical speciation in sewage sludge co-composted with sodium sulfide and lime

A batch composting study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of co-composting sewage sludge with sodium sulfide and lime （SSL） mixture （Na2S/CaO= 1：1）, aiming at reducing the availability of heavy metals in the sludge compost. Sewage sludge with sawdust as a bulking agent was amended with SSL at 3% （w/w, dw）, and composted for 15 d in laboratory batch reactors. The four stages of the Tessier sequential extraction method was employed to investigate changes in heavy metal fractions of Cu, Zn, and Ni in sewage sludge composted with SSL. For all the three metals, the mobile fractions, such as, exchangeable and carbonate bound were mainly transformed into low availability fractions （organic matter and sulfide, Fe-Mn oxides bound and residual forms）, and the addition of SSL enhanced this transformation. Therefore, SSL is a suitable material to co-compost with sewage sludge to reduce the availability of heavy metals. According to the cabbage seed germination test, a SSL amendment of ≤3% （w/w, dw） is recommended to co-compost with sewage sludge.     

水中单宁酸对强化混凝除污染的影响研究

研究了水中单宁酸在聚合氯化铝做混凝剂时对常规混凝、高锰酸钾预氧化强化混凝以及预氯化强化混凝的影响。结果表明,常规混凝下单宁酸含量的增加对混凝除浊有一定的效果,随着单宁酸投加量从0增加到5mg／L,滤后水的浊度呈现下降趋势,最低可达0．56NTU,但对于有机物的去除影响不大。高锰酸钾预氧化条件下当单宁酸投量小于2mg／L时,增大单宁酸投量有助于浊度的去除,过多则不利于混凝。预氯化下增加单宁酸投加量有助于浊度的去除,但对出水UV25。影响不大;随着单宁酸投加量从0增加到5mg/L,出水的CODMn鼻隆低白谁如,     

阜新市生态地质环境质量模糊综合评价

生态地质环境质量评价,实为生态地质环境的适宜性评价。本文以地貌类型、森林覆盖率、人口密度等16个指标为主要影响因子,确定了生态地质环境质量评价指标的单因素评价模型和评价指标体系。采用模糊数学方法,对阜新市生态地质环境质量进行了综合评价。结果表明阜新地区生态地质环境质量总体良好。经验证,定量评价与定性评价结果较吻合,证明该套基于模糊综合评判技术的生态地质环境质量的定量评价是切实可行的．结论是可信的。     

活性炭纤维对定型机油烟废气吸附性能研究

采用动态吸附实验装置研究了粘胶基活性碳纤维的耐温性能以及预处理、采样流速、进气浓度对粘胶基活性碳纤维吸附定型机油烟废气平衡吸附量的影响,实验结果表明粘胶基活性碳纤维耐温性能良好,同时经去离子水煮沸2小时的粘胶基活性碳纤维平衡吸附量最大,采样流速增大平衡吸附量减少,但吸附速率变大,采用一级动力学模型较好地反映了吸附过程,Langmuir、Freundlich方程适合拟合低浓度下的吸附等温线,DR方程则较吻合高浓度下的吸附。     

自然水环境中抗生素的污染现状、来源及危害研究进展

随着现代分析技术的发展和人们环境安全意识的增强,抗生素等新兴有机污染物在自然水环境中的出现已引起广泛关注。简述了不同自然水体中抗生素的污染现状,分析了自然水环境中抗生素的主要来源和环境危害。分析表明:抗生素在近海海域和河流中的检出频率和浓度均高于湖泊和地下水中的值,这可能是由于人类活动以及污水排放在海洋与河流中较其他水体更频繁所致;污水处理厂出水是自然水环境中抗生素出现的重要来源之一,而抗生素在污水处理厂的去除率与其自身物理化学性质和污水处理工艺有关。