The collection system for residential recyclables in communities in Haidian District, Beijing: a possible approach for China recycling

Recycling and reusing recyclables is an important way to solve the municipal solid waste (MSW) problem. As the collection of solid waste takes up the largest percentage of MSW management budgets, improving the collection of recyclables is important. Since the decline of government-run waste buying depots in the late 1980s, the collection of recyclables from households and waste deposit sites in China is done by buyers with small informal bases and waste pickers, who are usually unskilled rural people who have come to the cities. Because of this, the current system is seen to have social problems. So, the recyclable collection system has both social as well as economic significance. China is in the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization, and a new mode of community collection system is emerging. It operates by market mechanisms, with waste collection companies that are supported by the municipal government, establishing recycle service sites, and employing workers to buy recyclables door-to-door. This paper is a case study of the new system in the Haidian District, Beijing. It summarizes the system, compares it to experiences in other countries and discusses whether the new approach contributes to resources recycling in China.     

壳聚糖改性生物炭的制备及其对水溶液中Cd2+的吸附机制

以猕猴桃枝为原料,壳聚糖作为胺基表面改性剂,制备了一种绿色环保、对环境中重金属有良好吸附效果的功能性生物炭材料.采用批量吸附实验研究了改性前后生物炭的吸附性能.借助SEM-EDS、FTIR 和XPS表征方法,分析了改性前后生物炭的形貌结构和官能团变化,探究了其对溶液中Cd²⁺的吸附机制.结果表明,改性后的生物炭表面,引入了羟基（—OH）、羰基（—C=O）和氨基（—NH₂）等基团,显著提高了吸附性能,对Cd²⁺的吸附量较改性前增加107.12%.Lagergren准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附方程能较好地描述吸附过程,说明吸附速率由材料表面活性位点决定,吸附过程以化学吸附为主.对Cd²⁺的吸附机制主要是配位作用、表面沉淀作用、离子交换作用和阳离子—π键作用,吸附过程为自发的吸热过程.经过5次吸附-解吸循环后,改性后生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附容量仍保持在初始吸附量的80%以上,表现出良好的可重复利用性.研究成果体现绿色化学的理念,所制备的壳聚糖改性生物炭可应用于镉污染水体和土壤的修复.     

湖北农村民居现状调查与震害预测

通过对湖北农村民居建筑结构、抗震设防以及居民抗震意识的调查,分析了湖北农村民居的结构特点和建造现状,得到了湖北农村民居在结构形式、建筑材料、建造年代、场地条件及连接构造等方面的统计数据。在此基础上,采用震害预测方法对湖北农村民居在不同地震烈度时的震害进行了预测,给出了各结构类型的震害预测结果,为湖北省农村地震灾害的综合防御提供了科学依据。     

基于博弈关系的建筑安全投入监管对策研究

鉴于承包商在安全投入上存在与政府安全监管部门的博弈关系,建立了政府安全监管部门与承包商之间的博弈模型,分析博弈模型的基本假设条件、承包商安全投入不足给企业带来的正负效用、企业最佳安全投入和社会最佳安全投入之差等因素对博弈结论的影响,最终得出5个能够影响承包商安全生产投入的政府安全监督管理部门需要关注的因素,并在此基础上,建立激励和约束相结合的监管机制,提出相应的建筑安全长效监管对策。     

国土空间规划中的承载力反思：概念、理论与实践

资源环境承载力是国土空间规划的科学基础和约束条件。通过梳理承载力概念、理论和实践应用的发展,指出其在研究应用中存在概念边界模糊、评价偏向于指标计算、承载力传导机制研究不足等问题。国土空间规划体系改革,以及新时代生产生活和发展方式变革对国土空间规划提出了新的要求。支撑空间规划编制的承载力评价应进一步明确承载力的概念内涵、明晰承载力内在机制、构建承载力评价体系;在实践应用中应当根据国土空间规划和空间治理的新变化新需求,支撑空间规划的新目标、切合空间治理的新模式、顺应空间治理的新手段,为确定国土空间开发利用与保护修复的主要指标、战略部署,以及指标约束传递与地域功能传导等提供科学依据。     

Influence of carbon source and temperature on the denitrifying phosphorus removal process

To supply the valuable operating parameters for the popular usage of the new denitrifying phosphors removal process, it is essential to study the dominant biochemical reactions and the characteristics of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB). Thus, parallel batch experiments using DPB sludge were carried out to assess the effect of substrates (sewage, HAc, and endogenous carbon source) on denitrifying dephosphorus removal efficiency in this study. The results showed that the initial specific phosphorus release rate increased with the high concentration of the short-chain volatile fatty acids ratio in the influent, and sufficient phosphorus was released by DPB. This improved the subsequent denitrification and phosphorus uptake efficiency. The specific endogenous denitrification mainly relies on the internal carbon source (PHB) stored by poly-P bacteria. Denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria were very hungry when the internal PHB was consumed. Consequently, the specific endogenous denitrification rate was low and the phosphorus uptake did not happen. On the other hand, in the experiment, the denitrifying phosphorus removal performance under two temperature conditions (8–10°C and 25–26°C) was also investigated and analyzed. It was found that the lower temperature decreased the specific phosphorus release and uptake rate, but did not inhibit the denitrifying phosphorus removal completely. Therefore, the negative influence of the low temperature on the overall phosphorus removal was not significant.     

电脑控制测试及试验系统的设想

采用微机自动测量和检验是发展的必然趋势,它能够实现数据采集、处理、测试、试验、计算、打印报告的全自动化,减小了人工误差、提高了效率.保证测试和试验的精度及准确度,并公正准确的反映了产品质量水平,使检验更加公正准确可靠具有更高的信誉,本文就是对产品测试及试验上实现电脑全自动控制管理的一种设想,叙述了它的设计思想和实现方法,阐述了该系统的构成、主要技术和需要考虑的问题及系统实施的步骤及建议.该系统使检验结论更具有科学性、公正性、准确性和有效性.对于提高试验室的测试和试验管理有着重要的意义.     

变电所电气试验安全管理措施浅议

1变电所电气试验工作 电气试验是指对电气设备，依据有关规程规定的试验条件（如规定的试验方法、试验电压、试验设备、环境条件等）、试验项目和试验周期所进行的试验。它是检测电气设备绝缘水平和电气性能，以判定能否继续投用或继续运行，预防电气设备损坏，保证电力系统安全运行的重要措施之一。     

长江上游山丘区土地承载力研究与评价——以四川省宜宾市为例

我国是一个以山地为主的国家，耕地有限且以山丘坡耕地为主，协调人地关系非常重要。以四川省宜宾市为例，通过土地资源生产潜力和人口数量预测模型的建立，采用环境容量等级系数计算和等级划分方法，对基于水土流失和生态工程建设作用下的长江上游流域山丘区土地利用类型与格局的变化及其它人类活动对土地承载力的影响进行了研究与评价。研究结果表明，宜宾市土地资源的生产潜力在2010、2015、2020年时总体上都能承载3种生活类型条件下的人口数量，3种生活类型下的容量等级基本都在“3”以上，即达到“满足”水平，并呈现出向“富余”水平提高的趋势，这表明尚具有较大潜力和空间的土地承载力是宜宾区域经济发展的有利驱动因素，人类活动对土地承载力产生的影响在可承受的生态阈值之内，为长江上游流域及我国广大山丘地区的生态环境建设和区域发展提供了可靠依据。     

Characterization of the properties of thermoplastic elastomers containing waste rubber tire powder

The aim of this research was to recycle waste rubber tires by using powdering technology and treating the waste rubber tire powder with bitumen. It has been proven that the elongation at break, thermal stability and processing flowability of composites of polypropylene (PP), waste rubber tire powder (WRT) and bitumen composites are better than those of PP/WRT composite. A comparative study has been made to evaluate the influence of bitumen content and different compatibilizers on the properties of PP/WRT/bitumen composites, using a universal testing machine (UTM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and a capillary rheometer. The results suggested that the properties of PP/WRT/bitumen composites were dependent on the bitumen content and the kind of compatibilizer used.