A mini review of fluoride-induced apoptotic pathways

Fluorine or fluoride can have toxic effects on bone tissue and soft tissue at high concentrations. These negative effects include but not limited to cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, blood toxicity, and oxidative damage. Apoptosis plays an important role in fluoride-induced toxicity of kidney, liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsil, and cultured cells. Here, apoptosis activated by high level of fluoride has been systematically reviewed, focusing on three pathways: mitochondrion-mediated, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated, and death receptor-mediated pathways. However, very limited reports are focused on the death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathways in the fluoride-induced apoptosis. Therefore, understanding and discovery of more pathways and molecular mechanisms of fluoride-induced apoptosis may contribute to designing measures for preventing fluoride toxicity.     

Toxicity of sediment cores from Yangtze River estuary to zebrafish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Danio rerio</Emphasis>) embryos

Toxicity evaluation is an important segment in sediment quality monitoring in order to protect aquatic organisms and human health. The purpose of this study is to assess the toxicity of sediments from three sediment cores in Yangtze River Estuary, China, using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo tests. Fertilized zebrafish eggs were exposed to both whole sediments and sediment organic extracts prepared from collected sediments, in order to provide a comprehensive and realistic insight into the bioavailable toxicity potential of the sediments. As end points, development parameters (mortality, hatching rate, and abnormality) in the developing embryos were recorded during the 96-h exposure. The results showed that some samples increased mortality, inhibited the hatching of embryos, and induced morphological abnormalities. The embryonic toxicities presented serrated changes and irregular distribution with depth, which may be related to hydrodynamic effect and unstable environmental input. However, lethal and sub-lethal effects were more significant at the sub-surface sediments (10～40 cm), which indicated that the pollution is more serious in recent decades.     

固定源废气监测工作若干技术问题的探讨

从监测工况、测点位置、采样过程、结果计算等几方面出发，结合实际经验，对大气固定污染源的监测工作中存在的一些疑难问题进行探讨。     

氟苯胺好氧生物降解性能的研究

利用驯化污泥研究了邻氟苯胺、对氟苯胺、2,4-二氟苯胺的好氧生物降解性能.结果表明,3种氟苯胺的好氧生物降解性能从高到低依次为对氟苯胺、邻氟苯胺和2,4-二氟苯胺.降解动力学分析表明,除2,4-二氟苯胺在实验质量浓度8.56 mg/L时为一级反应,其他为零级反应;且它们的降解规律都符合Monod方程;30 ℃、振荡速率140 r/min为氟苯胺的最佳降解条件.同时研究了共基质条件下葡萄糖和苯胺对2,4-二氟苯胺的好氧降解的影响,葡萄糖的引入有促进作用,而苯胺只在一定浓度范围内有促进作用.氟苯胺的生产废水与生活污水合并处理以及多种组分混合废水处理是可行的.     

连续流分段进水生物脱氮工艺控制要点及优化

主要介绍了分段进水生物脱氮工艺的系统工作原理及工艺特性,并探讨了该工艺运行操作和设计的几个重要影响因素,如进水流量分配比、溶解氧、污泥回流比、C/N比等,并在此基础上讨论了分段进水生物脱氮工艺的优化控制对策.     

Evaluation of photolysis and hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin in aqueous solutions and its degradation products in paddy water

This study evaluated the hydrolysis and photolysis kinetics of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection and identified the resulting metabolites of pyraclostrobin by hydrolysis and photolysis in paddy water using high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. The effect of solution pH, metal ions and surfactants on the hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin was explored. The hydrolysis half-lives of pyraclostrobin were 23.1–115.5?days and were stable in buffer solution at pH 5.0. The degradation rate of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution under sunlight was slower than that under UV photolysis reaction. The half-lives of pyraclostrobin in a buffer solution at pH 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and in paddy water were less than 12?h under the two light irradiation types. The metabolites of the two processes were identified and compared to further understand the mechanisms underlying hydrolysis and photolysis of pyraclostrobin in natural water. The extracted ions obtained from paddy water were automatically annotated by Compound Discoverer software with manual confirmation of their fragments. Two metabolites were detected and identified in the pyraclostrobin hydrolysis, whereas three metabolites were detected and identified in the photolysis in paddy water.     

焦磷酸钾对铜污染土壤的淋洗修复

焦磷酸钾是一种对农田土壤环境友好的物质。通过批处理振荡淋洗实验研究了所配制的焦磷酸钾淋洗液对模拟污染土壤中重金属铜的淋洗特性,探讨了淋洗时间、淋洗液pH和焦磷酸钾浓度对淋洗效果的影响,并讨论了土壤中铜在焦磷酸钾淋洗液作用下的解吸动力学和淋洗前后重金属形态变化特性。结果表明,淋洗时间越长、淋洗液浓度越大,淋洗效果越好。优化实验条件,淋洗浸提24 h、淋洗液pH为7.0、n（焦磷酸钾）：n（铜）为7：1,淋洗效果较好,铜淋洗率为40.51%。焦磷酸钾淋洗的铜主要以酸提取态和可还原态为主。焦磷酸钾淋洗液对土壤铜的浸提过程符合双常数方程,说明土壤中铜在焦磷酸钾淋洗液作用下的解吸是非均相扩散过程。     

室内PM2.5浓度控制模拟分析

利用质量平衡方程建立了一次回风定风量系统室内PM2.5浓度模型,并对新风PM2.5浓度、新风量、室内污染源、过滤器效率、过滤器安装位置等因素对室内PM2.5浓度的影响进行了模拟分析。模拟结果表明：新风PM2.5浓度和室内污染源强度的变化对室内PM2.5浓度均有较大影响;新风量越大,室内PM2.5浓度受新风PM2.5浓度变化的影响越大;将过滤器分别安装在送风段、新风段和回风段,新风比为0.1时,过滤器安装在送风段效果最好,安装在新风段最差,新风比为0.8时,过滤器安装在送风段效果最好,安装在回风段最差;过滤器安装在送风段时,过滤器效率越高,室内PM2.5浓度越低,波动越小。     

蒸发塔技术用于脱硫废水的处理

脱硫废水水质复杂、含有重金属,处理难度很大,为此开发了一种新型的脱硫废水处理技术——蒸发塔技术,可以实现脱硫废水的零排放。在实验室搭建了小型蒸发塔实验台,对脱硫废水的蒸发特性、热量衡算进行了研究。研究表明：导流板角度一定的情况下,脱硫废水主蒸发区在塔体中心位置,随着脱硫废水处理量的增加,主蒸发区域向塔壁和塔体下部偏移;导流板角度减小,高温区下移;雾矩受给液量和雾化器转速的双重影响,给液量越大,雾矩越大,转速越大,雾矩越小;塔径一定的条件下,适当调节进风量和导流板角度可增加脱硫废水的处理量;模拟计算表明,蒸发系统抽取热烟气量较少,不会对电厂热系统产生明显影响。