CO2封存泄漏的稻田土壤细菌监测指标筛选研究

为研究CO₂地质封存过程中CO₂泄漏对水稻及稻田土壤的风险影响,利用CO₂模拟泄漏平台,研究了不同CO₂泄漏速率下水稻生长、稻田土壤性质与土壤细菌组成及多样性的变化特征.结果表明：随着CO₂泄漏速率的增加,稻田土壤pH显著降低,电导率显著增加,水稻生长受到明显抑制;稻田土壤细菌的丰富度指数和多样性指数均有增加,均匀度指数有所降低.CO₂泄漏显著改变了稻田土壤细菌组成,稻田土壤的优势菌门中变形菌门、拟杆菌门与绿弯菌门的相对丰度总体降低,而酸杆菌门与放线菌门的相对丰度总体升高;稻田土壤优势菌属中RB41、MND1、厌氧粘菌属及鞘脂单胞菌属的丰度总体升高,而硝化螺旋菌属的丰度总体降低;稀有细菌中CO₂泄漏下全部出现的有粘胶球形菌门、柔膜菌门及双头菌属、硫杆菌属,CO₂泄漏后全部消亡的为假单胞菌属.建议将变形菌门的减少和酸杆菌门的增加,以及RB41、MND1及厌氧粘菌属的增加作为稻田土壤CO₂泄漏监测的推荐指标.     

医疗废物焚烧中二恶英的产生及控制

医疗废物的安全处置一直被世界各国所重视,我国自SARS灾难后,强化了医疗废物的治理力度。本文针对目前主要采用焚烧法处置医疗废物过程中二恶英的生成途径进行了论述,并结合二恶英的分子结构、毒性及危害提出了控制对策与建议。     

用于控制太湖流域农村面源污染的透水坝技术试验研究

为了控制太湖流域农村面源污染,结合人工湿地原理和快速渗滤机理,开发了透水坝技术并进行了运行试验.该技术利用平原河网地区现有河道的容积来承受农村面源污染水量、水质的冲击负荷,通过控制透水坝的渗流量,拦蓄径流为后续的处理单元提供自流动力.4个月的运行结果表明,使用梯形渗流模型进行透水坝的渗流量计算比较准确,透水坝达到了拦蓄5天处理雨量为1400Om3的降雨径流的设计要求,同时透水坝的TN、TP去除率分别为15.59%和23.44%.     

Manganese-modified biochar for highly efficient sorption of cadmium

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, corn stalk was modified by manganese (Mn) before (MBC1) and after (MBC2) pyrolysis at different temperatures (400~600 °C)...     

基于响应曲面法优化的臭氧/过硫酸盐/四氧化三铁工艺对结晶紫的降解

为有效去除水中结晶紫,利用臭氧/过硫酸盐/四氧化三铁工艺对结晶紫的氧化效果进行研究,设计单因素实验探索臭氧流量、过硫酸盐浓度、四氧化三铁浓度和pH对结晶紫降解的影响,依据响应曲面法的Box-Behnken Design(BBD)实验设计原理,探究臭氧流量、过硫酸盐浓度、四氧化三铁浓度和反应时间对降解效果的影响,并优化工艺参数;使用SEM-EDS、FT-IR和Raman表征了反应前后的四氧化三铁,并用EPR技术直接鉴定出工艺过程中的活性氧。结果表明：此工艺在较宽的pH区间(3~11)都具有较高的结晶紫降解能力,臭氧流量、过硫酸盐浓度和四氧化三铁浓度与结晶紫的降解率成正比;臭氧流量1.000 L·min⁻¹,过硫酸盐浓度0.968 mmol·L⁻¹,四氧化三铁浓度2.158 mmol·L⁻¹,反应时间41.702 min为预测的最佳工艺条件;在最佳工艺条件下得到的实际降解率与预测降解率相对偏差仅为−1.12%;催化反应后Fe₃O₄粒径减小,表面变得更加光滑;反应后的Fe₃O₄的铁元素质量分数由48.24％降至35.31%,而氧和硫元素质量分数由34.05%和0.39%分别增至37.59%和1.09%;臭氧/过硫酸盐/四氧化三铁工艺过程中存在SO₄^·–和·OH。由此可知,BBD优化模型预测与实际处理效果基本一致。该研究成果为可为难降解的结晶紫废水的深度处理提供参考。     

有机改性膨润土的稳定性研究

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMAB)对膨润土进行有机改性,研究了不同振荡时间、振荡强度、温度、pH以及盐溶液浓度下改性后有机膨润土的稳定性。结果表明,表面活性剂用量为0.6CEC时,改性的膨润土比较稳定。在同一环境因素下,当表面活性剂用量大于0.6CEC时,有机膨润土的稳定性均随着改性剂用量的增加而降低。振荡时间、振荡强度以及反应温度对有机膨润土稳定性影响不明显;酸性条件下会降低有机膨润土的稳定性,而中性、碱性条件下,有机膨润土的稳定性会提高;对于0.6CEC改性的有机膨润土,当NaC l、CaC l2的浓度由0.2 mol/L增加到0.6 mol/L时有机膨润土的稳定性得到了显著的提高,浓度继续增大,稳定性下降。所以当外界NaC l或CaC l2浓度为0.6 mol/L时,0.6CEC改性的有机膨润土相对0.8CEC以及1.0CEC改性的膨润土稳定,可用做废水处理的吸附剂,且无二次污染。     

Solid phase extraction with pyrenebutyric acid-bonded silica for analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in sewage water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A solid phase extraction (SPE) method using pyrenebutyric acid-bonded silica (PYB) as sorbent was developed to determine 23 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sewage water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Factors were optimized in SPE procedures including elution solvent, pH, and cartridge burden. The recoveries of 23 PCB congeners were 69.44-111.91% under optimized conditions. Comparisons were also conducted among PYB-SPE, C(18)-SPE and United States Environmental Protection Agency 608 (USEPA608) methods in the analysis of PCBs in sewage water samples. The results showed that the performance of PYB-SPE method was similar with USEPA608 method and better than C(18)-SPE method. Both PYB-SPE and USEPA608 methods were then employed to analyze PCBs in real spiked sewage water samples. The recoveries of PCB congeners determined by PYB-SPE method ranged from 70.6% to 92.4% in real spiked sewage water samples which were identified to be in accordance with USEPA608 method. Limits of detection (LOD) were in the range of 0.06-0.22ngL(-1) for PCB congeners. The optimized PYB-SPE method was successfully applied to the determination of PCBs in sewage water samples.     

鲅鱼乙酰胆碱酯酶对海水甲基对硫磷的响应条件研究

动物体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACHE)的活性变化常被用于表征环境中有机磷农药(OPs)的污染状况.以鲅鱼脑组织AChE粗酶液为试验材料,以甲基对硫磷为OPs代表,从不同条件海水中鲅鱼AChE的活性变化人手,优化甲基对硫磷对鲅鱼AChE活性的抑制条件,获得了甲基对硫磷浓度与AChE活性抑制程度之间的关系曲线.结果表明,抑制时间为30min,温度为35℃,海水pH为7.5时,鲅鱼AChE的活性较高,甲基对硫磷对其抑制程度最强;在最佳的抑制条件下,甲基对硫磷在10～500 μg/L时,其质量浓度与AChE活性抑制率之间具有良好的线性关系(R=0.994 4),检测下限低于1.0 μg/L.     

The OH-induced degradation mechanism of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) with two forms in the water: a DFT comparison

The initial degradation mechanisms of OH and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) including molecular form and anionic form are studied at the MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df, 2p)//MPWB1K/6-31+G(d, p) level. Possible reaction pathways of H-atom abstraction and OH addition are considered in detail. By result comparison analysis, it is found that the reaction mechanisms for OH and two forms of MCPA are different, and most reactions for anionic MCPA are easier than those for molecular MCPA. For H-atom abstraction reactions, the calculated energies show that OH abstracting H-atom from -CH₃ group of molecular MCPA is the most kinetically favorable process; the potential energy surface for anionic MCPA indicates that H-atom in -CH₂ group is slightly easier to be abstracted than that in -CH₃ group. For OH addition reactions, the addition of OH to the C1 site is the initial step for molecular MCPA and the predominant product is 4-chloro-2-methylphenol (denoted P3), while the C4 site is the most reactive site for anionic MCPA and the primary product results from the hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, which is in good agreement with the experimental observation. In additional, results from PCM calculations show that most reactions in water phase are more kinetically favorable than those in gas phase, though the mechanisms discussed above will not be changed.     

核桃壳粉对水溶液中Pb2＋的吸附

实验通过间歇吸附方式研究了核桃壳粉对水溶液中Pb^2＋的吸附特性,探讨了核桃壳粉粒径及用量、溶液pH、Pb^2＋初始浓度等参数对吸附的影响,并讨论了吸附过程的热力学和动力学特征。结果表明,核桃壳粉对Pb^2＋吸附的最佳pH为5．0,去除率随吸附剂粒径的减小、用量的增加、Pb^2＋初始浓度的减小而增加。优化实验条件下,0～0．3mm15g／L的吸附剂在298K时,对pH=5的50mL50mg／LPb^2＋溶液的去除率达96．98％。核桃壳粉对Pb^2＋的吸附等温线符合Sips模型,在283、293和303K的最大吸附量分别为18．25、18．27和20．94mg／g。吸附过程是放热的、混乱度减小的自发过程,且符合准二级动力学模型。吸附速率常数随温度升高而减小,在293和303K时分别在90和120min基本达到平衡。结合FTIR和SEM手段发现核桃壳对Pb^2＋的吸附以物理吸附为主,同时包括离子交换、螯合等化学吸附以及颗粒内扩散步骤,是一个复杂的过程。