SERS detection of arsenic in water: A review

Arsenic (As) is one of the most toxic contaminants found in the environment. Development of novel detection methods for As species in water with the potential for field use has been an urgent need in recent years. In past decades, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has gained a reputation as one of the most sensitive spectroscopic methods for chemical and biomolecular sensing. The SERS technique has emerged as an extremely promising solution for in-situ detection of arsenic species in the field, particularly when coupled with portable/handheld Raman spectrometers. In this article, the recent advances in SERS analysis of arsenic species in water media are reviewed, and the potential of this technique for fast screening and field testing of arsenic-contaminated environmental water samples is discussed. The problems that remain in the field are also discussed and an outlook for the future is featured at the end of the article.     

A comprehensive study of treatment of arsenic in water combining oxidation, coagulation, and filtration

Arsenic is one of the most common inorganic contaminants in groundwater worldwide, mainly due to the release of naturally occurring arsenic from aquifer sediments (Amini et al., 2008, Li and Cai, 2015 and Rahman et al., 2015). Naturally occurring arsenic exists predominantly in arsenate and arsenite species in groundwater.     

菌株qy37吸附包埋固定化的脱氮效果研究

以对异养硝化好氧反硝化菌菌株qy37固定化后的脱氮效果为考察标准,分别研究了不同的吸附、包埋固定化载体和方式对固定化脱氮效果的影响。研究结果表明:以碳纳米管、多孔陶粒、活性炭、石墨四种材料为吸附固定化载体时,纳碳纳米材料的吸附固定化脱氮效果最好,脱氮率可达94%;以海藻酸钠(SA)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)制成的SA、PVA、PVA-SA、PVA-SA-活性炭和PVA-SA-纳米材料小球为包埋固定化载体时,PVA和SA混合作为包埋剂固定效果要好于单独作为包埋剂,包埋剂PVA和添加剂SA最佳包埋比是10:1;吸附材料作为强化剂一起包埋的复合式包埋有助于提高固定化小球的稳定性和固定化效果,脱氮率提高5%。其中纳米材料作为强化剂的包埋固定化脱氮效果要优于活性炭,脱氮率可达到85%。强化剂活性炭、纳米材料最佳包埋比是5:4。吸附固定化整体脱氮效率优于包埋固定化。     

固液界面NOM吸附中疏水效应的影响研究

文章以腐殖酸和纳米Fe2O3为对象,着重研究了腐殖酸分子在纳米Fe2O3表面的吸附过程中的疏水效应,借助红外光谱和热重等分析方法研究了腐殖酸吸附前后的疏水性随溶液环境变化的规律。结果表明,当离子强度为0、0.005、0.01和0.05 mol/kg,pH值从7变到12时,纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的热失重量随着pH值的升高先减小后增大。当pH值从7升高到10时,亲水性降低,疏水性增强;当pH值从10升高到12时,亲水性增强,疏水性降低。当离子强度为0.001 mol/kg,pH值从7变到12时,复合体的热失重量随着pH值的升高而减小,亲水性降低,疏水性增强。当pH值为定值,离子强度变化时,纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的热失重量随着离子强度的增加不断变化,曲线呈现出波动趋势,亲、疏水性在交替变化。红外光谱分析结果说明,对纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的亲疏水性起主要影响的官能团可能是亲水性的羟基-OH、羰基C=O和疏水性的CH2烷烃。     

Contamination by persistent toxic substances in surface sediment of urban rivers in Chaohu City, China

The concentration and spatial distribution of persistent toxic substances (PTS) in the river sediment in Chaohu City, China were investigated. A total of nine surface sediments were collected and the selected PTS pollutants including six heavy metals and nineteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed. The mean heavy metal concentrations (in mg/kg, dry weight) ranged within 0.18-1.53 (Hg), 50.08-200.18 (Cu), 118.70-313.65 (Zn), 50.77-310.85 (Cr), 37.12-92.72 (Pb) and 13.29-197.24 (As), and Cu, Zn and As have been regarded as the main metal pollutants. The levels of PBDEs (1.2-12.1 ng/g) and BDE-209 (2.4-30.5 ng/g) were at the middle level of the global range. BDE-209 was the predominant congener (67.0%-85.7%), which agrees with the fact that technical deca-BDE mixtures are the dominant PBDE formulation in China. The relative high level of PTS pollutants in the western part of the city is probably owing to the intensive agricultural activities and lack of sewerage system there. The ecological risk assessment with the sediment quality guidelines (SOGs) indicates that the urban river sediments in the city have been heavily contaminated by heavy metals with probable ecotoxicological impacts on freshwater organisms and the main toxic pollutants are Hg and As. The results of current study imply that the city, and perhaps many other small cities in China as well, requires immediate pollution control measures with emphasis on not only conventional organic pollutants but also on PTS such as heavy metals and PBDEs.     

污水泵站的恶臭评价与治理对策

以天津市某污水泵站为例,运用国家环保部推荐模式SCREEN3模式计算污水泵站恶臭对周围环境的影响及治理对策,得出以下结论:1)类比天津纪庄子污水处理厂、高碑店污水处理厂等污水处理厂的类比调查,根据规模不同进行相应的比例折算出单位面积恶臭污染物产生的源强,然后根据污水泵站的面积计算恶臭源强;2)使用国家环保部推荐模式SCREEN3模式计算无组织排放厂界达标、最大落地浓度和卫生防护距离等;3)经过综合比较,目前泵站除臭采用较多的是等离子体法和生物除臭法。     

天津滨海某化工园区废水预处理去毒技术研究

化工产业是天津滨海新区重要的支柱产业,该行业废水因污染种类复杂,具有高盐、高毒、难降解等特点,是滨海新区污染物控制的主要威胁。通过对滨海某化工区实际废水进行几种主流预处理技术及其组合工艺的研究,明晰了其在实验条件下各自的特点,验证了其实际处理效果,进一步掌握了其反应过程中的特性,为研究后续的示范工程应用及大规模推广打下基础。实验表明,制药废水经内电解处理后毒性削减率最高可达到46%,对化学合成废水有较好的去毒效果,该技术可有效地提高制药废水的可生化性;光催化氧化对苯胺和氯苯的最佳降解条件分别是15 g/L TiO(23 h)及17.5 g/L TiO2;负载型纳米铁和纳米四氧化三铁催化剂分别适合极酸和中性、偏碱性条件,催化效率高,COD去除效果好。     

SNCR在垃圾焚烧发电厂的应用与控制

大连垃圾焚烧发电项目采用SNCR控制的技术方案,实现了垃圾焚烧发电系统的脱硝。文章从脱硝系统的选择和控制方案进行了论述,阐述了采用氨水作为还原剂的SNCR系统在垃圾焚烧发电厂的应用效果与经济成本。     

纵向风速对隧道中细水雾灭火效果 的影响研究

隧道作为交通的咽喉要道,一旦发生火灾,给人员逃生带来很大的困难。利用隧道火灾模拟平台,分别对车顶和车底两个位置进行了细水雾灭火的模拟实验,研究不同风速对隧道火灾的温度、气体组分浓度和热辐射等参量的影响,据此研究细水雾灭火系统在隧道火灾中抑制、扑灭火灾,降低火场温度、净化火源附近空气以及隔绝热辐射的能力。结果表明:当风速增大时,火场烟气平均温度逐渐减小,CO浓度的峰值显著降低,热辐射强度也有效降低。在实验条件下,隧道纵向通风作用有利于保障火场安全。     

中国农业生态效率测度与驱动因素

为适应我国进入高质量发展阶段,实现农业资源的高效率利用,本文以中国30个省、直辖市、自治区（不包括西藏、香港、澳门和台湾）的2003~2017年度面板数据,运用考虑生态非期望产出和期望产出两阶段网络EBM模型,构建资源环境投入—环境治理两阶段模型,测度各省（直辖市、自治区）的农业生态效率,并结合Malmquist指数进行动态分析.以测度的农业生态效率为被解释变量,在考虑农业劳动力素质的门限效应下对其驱动因素进行分析.结果显示：2007年以前中国各地区农业生态效率,呈西部到东部逐渐收敛趋势.2007年以后,呈东西部高,中部塌陷,东西部与中部地区发展失衡.农业劳动力素质存在门限效应,门限值为1012.62.当门限变量值≥1012.62时,农作物种植结构对农业生态效率的影响存在促进作用;反之,则有抑制作用.财政支农水平对提高农业生态效率有正向影响,农用机械投入强度、农业生态环境防护投资额对提高农业生态效率有负面影响.