基于实测的燃煤电厂氟排放特征

选择我国4家电厂的6台煤粉锅炉,进行了烟气以及飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏等燃煤副产物样品的采集和F(氟)含量分析,考察燃煤电厂F排放特征. 结果表明:经过烟气除尘、脱硫及脱硝装置后,烟气中氟化物浓度明显降低; 除尘器主要脱除烟气中颗粒态F,静电除尘器对烟气中氟化物的总脱除效率为19.50%~36.59%,布袋除尘器的脱除效率略高于静电除尘器;石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置可协同脱除烟气中94.19%的氟化物. 燃煤中的F经过燃烧和烟气净化装置后,有0.83%~3.37%由底渣排放;1.20%~2.00%转移到脱硫废水中;13.45%~33.80%转移到飞灰中;59.60%~79.66%转移到脱硫石膏中;只有2.04%~5.00%通过烟囱排入大气.      

高浓度有机废水脱除燃煤烟气NOx的试验研究

为研发经济、高效的有机废物与烟气NO_x协同控制技术,分别采用丙烯酸钠、工业酒精和萘磺酸钠高浓度有机废水替代氨水、尿素等常用脱硝剂,在热态燃煤试验炉上,研究了T(烟气温度)、φ(O₂)、停留时间和废水与烟气混合方式等参数对烟气脱硝的影响. 结果表明:在烟气温度为1 190 K时,丙烯酸钠、酒精和萘磺酸钠高浓度有机废水的脱硝效率分别为12.7%、14.2%和9.1%;烟气温度为1 360 K时,三者的脱硝效率分别达到37.6%、39.8%和35.9%;烟气温度高于 1360 K后,脱硝效率下降. φ(O₂)从4.1%增至5.2%时,脱硝效率降低了约21.5%、13.1%和15.7%;而φ(O₂)升至6.8%时,脱硝效率降至11.2%~13.6%. 丙烯酸钠废水喷射入温度分别为1 185和1 303 K的烟气时,逆向喷入比正向喷入的脱硝效率分别提高30.4%和19.3%;停留时间从0.67 s升至0.82 s时,3类废水脱硝效率分别提高16.0%、18.8%和16.6%.      

增塑剂DIDP对肝脏氧化应激损伤及VitE拮抗作用研究

研究增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯(didecyl phthalate, DIDP)致雄性小鼠肝损伤作用及其机理。以雄性BALB/c小鼠为受试动物,随机分为7组,包括溶剂对照组(生理盐水)、4个DIDP染毒组(0.15、1.5、15和150 mg·kg~(-1))、维生素E(vitamin E, VitE)(100 mg·kg~(-1))处理组和DIDP+维生素E处理组(150 mg·kg~(-1)DIDP+100 mg·kg~(-1)VitE),连续灌胃14 d。以肝组织匀浆测定活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)和细胞凋亡因子半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(cysteine aspartic proteinase 3, Caspase-3)水平。采用动物自动生化分析仪检测肝功能指标血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、白蛋白(albumin, ALB)水平,并同时观察肝组织的病理变化与荧光染色结果。随着DIDP染毒剂量的增加,小鼠肝组织ROS、MDA和Caspase-3含量逐渐上升,血清ALT和AST水平也逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,血清ALB水平也逐渐降低,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05,P 0.01); VitE处理组ROS、MDA和Caspase-3含量相应降低,血清ALT和AST水平也相应降低,GSH含量逐渐上升,血清ALB水平也相应上升。小鼠肝组织形态观察结果表明,随着DIDP染毒剂量的增加,小鼠肝组织的病理损伤程度呈上升趋势。研究表明,较高剂量(≥15 mg·kg~(-1))的DIDP能造成小鼠的肝脏损伤与细胞凋亡,抗氧化剂VitE可使肝脏损伤与细胞凋亡减轻,对小鼠肝组织起保护作用,说明氧化应激介导了DIDP对机体的损伤。     

长江大保护城市水生态环境驻点研究——九江方案

开展长江沿线城市水生态环境跟踪驻点研究,是贯彻习近平总书记"长江大保护"重要指示精神的具体体现.以长江中游城市九江市全域为研究区域,在资料收集和实地调研的基础上,运用信息化手段,采用统计分析、数值模拟等研究方法,开展了以数据库构建、驻点研究平台建设、水生态环境问题诊断、污染物溯源剖析、综合解决方案制定为主要内容的系统研...     

改善农村室内空气质量

我国农民室内空气质量与室外环境质量有关,但是,更主要的是受炊事、取暖等消费生活能源活动的影响.使用不同种类能源、不同灶具对室内空气质量影响不同.长期以来,我国农民使用的是老式的传统灶,直接燃烧农作物秸秆、薪柴和煤炭.存在着:热效率低,燃料消耗量大;二是强度低,火力弱,性能差;三是操作条件差,费时、费力;特别是会产生大量的空气有害物并散发到室内,造成室内空气质量恶劣等方面问题.     

RTCA与CCK-8法用于检测柴油废气颗粒物致支气管上皮细胞毒性的比较研究

运用实时无标记细胞分析系统(RTCA)和Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)法分别检测柴油废气颗粒物(DEP)致支气管上皮细胞(HBE)细胞毒性,从而对2种方法进行比较研究.分别以浓度为0、3.5、7、14、28和56 mg·L-1 2种柴油废气标准参考颗粒物(Standard Reference Material 1650b,SRM 1650b;Standard Reference Material 2975,SRM 2975)对 HBE 细胞进行暴露处理,分别暴露6、12、24和48 h后,检测不同DEP致HBE细胞毒性,比较各组之间细胞存活率或标准化细胞指数(normalized cell index,NCI)值的差异,考察2种方法的优缺点.并用细胞凋亡实验检测各差异组之间的凋亡率.在相同染毒浓度及暴露时间,与SRM 1650b相比,SRM 2975对HBE细胞的毒性更强.在RTCA检测DEP致HBE细胞毒性时,低浓度DEP组的NCI值已经表现出与对照组有统计学差异(P＜0.05),而相同时间条件下,CCK-8法在更高浓度的DEP组才检测出显著的细胞活性下降(P＜0.05).且由细胞凋亡实验证实,与对照组相比,低浓度DEP组的细胞凋亡率已经有统计学差异.相对于CCK-8法,RTCA更适用于检测DEP致贴壁HBE细胞毒性.CCK-8法更适用于检测DEP致悬浮细胞的细胞毒性或与气液暴露装置联用时的贴壁/悬浮细胞毒性.     

Bacteriophages in water pollution control: Advantages and limitations

•Phages can be better indicators of enteric viruses than fecal indicator bacteria. •Multiple phages should be added to the microbial source tracking toolbox. •Engineered phage or phage cocktail can effectively target resistant bacteria. •In phage use, phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer cannot be ignored. •More schemes are needed to prevent phage concentration from decreasing. Wastewater is a breeding ground for many pathogens, which may pose a threat to human health through various water transmission pathways. Therefore, a simple and effective method is urgently required to monitor and treat wastewater. As bacterial viruses, bacteriophages (phages) are the most widely distributed and abundant organisms in the biosphere. Owing to their capacity to specifically infect bacterial hosts, they have recently been used as novel tools in water pollution control. The purpose of this review is to summarize and evaluate the roles of phages in monitoring pathogens, tracking pollution sources, treating pathogenic bacteria, infecting bloom-forming cyanobacteria, and controlling bulking sludge and biofilm pollution in wastewater treatment systems. We also discuss the limitations of phage usage in water pollution control, including phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer, the evolution of bacterial resistance, and phage concentration decrease. This review provides an integrated outlook on the use of phages in water pollution control.     

A review on anammox process for the treatment of antibiotic-containing wastewater: Linking effects with corresponding mechanisms

• Anammox is promising for nitrogen removal from antibiotic-containing wastewater. • Most antibiotics could inhibit the anammox performance and activity. • Antibiotic pressure promoted the increase in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). • Antibiotic-resistance mechanisms of anammox bacteria are speculated. Antibiotic is widely present in the effluent from livestock husbandry and the pharmaceutical industry. Antibiotics in wastewater usually have high biological toxicity and even promote the occurrence and transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Moreover, most antibiotic-containing wastewater contains high concentration of ammonia nitrogen. Improper treatment will lead to high risk to the surrounding environment and even human health. The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) with great economic benefit and good treatment effect is a promising process to remove nitrogen from antibiotic-containing wastewater. However, antibiotic inhibition has been observed in anammox applications. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of the single and combined effects of various antibiotics on the anammox system is conducted in this review with a focus on nitrogen removal performance, sludge properties, microbial community, antibiotic resistance genes and anammox-involved functional genes. Additionally, the influencing mechanism of antibiotics on anammox consortia is summarized. Remaining problems and future research needs are also proposed based on the presented summary. This review provides a better understanding of the influences of antibiotics on anammox and offers a direction to remove nitrogen from antibiotic-containing wastewater by the anammox process.     

新疆阿拉尔市苦咸水水化学特征、分布及成因分析

准确查明苦咸水分布、水化学特征及成因对此类非常规水资源的开发利用及当地水安全保障能力的提高具有重要意义.通过对新疆阿拉尔市地下水进行采样分析,利用水化学图解、描述性统计分析、离子比值法、饱和指数法等方法分析苦咸水的水化学特征及形成机制.结果表明,研究区苦咸水水化学类型以HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg、SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg和SO₄·Cl-Na型为主,苦咸水分布面积2163.45 km²,占总面积的77.26%,主要分布在平原水库下游及塔里木河在该市范围内的后段,苦咸水的形成主要受蒸发-浓缩作用的影响,其次是岩石风化作用,同时,人类活动对研究区苦咸水的空间分布也施加了一定的积极影响.     

中国农业机械的使用特征及其尾气排放的时空分布

我国农业机械保有量巨大且其尾气排放不容忽视.了解其使用特征、分析其尾气排放的时空分布,对提高非道路机械尾气排放清单准确性、制定减排政策具有重要意义.本研究通过实际调研获取我国农业机械的活动水平,并在此基础上分析其活动水平与机械类型、车龄、分布地区之间的关系,以此量化其使用特征;使用BP神经网络的方法预测我国2020—2025年农业机械保有量,结合调研的活动水平和收集的排放因子数据,估算我国2020—2025年农业机械尾气污染物排放清单;基于各省份农业机械保有量、活动水平的差异,探讨我国农业机械尾气排放的空间分布.研究结果表明：①我国农业机械的使用因机械类型、车龄、分布地区等因素的影响存在较大的变化性.农业机械的年均工作时间可在217~1721 h·a^-1之间变化,单台机械年均耗油量可在0.2~10.5 t·a^-1之间变化.②据本研究预测,2020年后,我国农业机械保有量将持续增长,受排放标准提升、老旧机械淘汰等减排措施的影响,其尾气排放呈下降趋势,到2025年,农业机械CO、HC、NO_x和PM_2.5排放将比2020年下降0.1%~26.2%.③与地区的农业机械保有量密切相关,河南、山东、安徽的农业机械尾气排放量最大.与春季相比,秋季各省份农业机械尾气排放更为显著.