保定市区采暖与非采暖期环境空气污染状况研究

根据保定大气环境监测数据,对采暖与非采暖期的六项大气污染物浓度变化状况进行了分析.研究结果表明:细颗粒物、可吸入颗粒物、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、一氧化碳五项污染物,采暖期污染物浓度均值明显高于非采暖期,原因是市区集中供热率低,分散燃煤锅炉污染治理水平低,污染物排放量大,采暖期逆温日数多,不利于污染物的垂直扩散.臭氧非采暖期较采暖期明显增加,原因为采暖期过后云层变薄,光照加强,臭氧浓度升高.     

基于无人机高光谱遥感在太湖蓝藻水华监测中的一次应用

采用机载高光谱视频相机,在4个季节对太湖蓝藻进行7次、18个架次的有效拍摄。对拍摄到的高光谱影像进行辐射定标、几何拼接等预处理后,提取不同浓度蓝藻和水草等其他物体的高光谱数据,发现不同浓度的蓝藻光谱在680 nm后表现出较大差异。采用主成分分析（PCA）对高光谱数据降维后,结合k-近邻（kNN）分类算法,可实现对蓝藻的精准定位。定性识别结果经光谱预处理后,采用连续投影算法（SPA）进行特征波段提取,发现蓝藻光谱的季节差异主要表现在450 nm~570 nm和760 nm~910 nm波段。     

通过屋顶暴露方法模拟聚碳酸酯微塑料在长江水样的长期老化行为

由于较低的自然老化速率,微塑料在实际水体长期户外暴露过程中老化行为的数据仍较缺乏.通过聚碳酸酯（Polycarbonate,PC）微塑料在长江表层水样的18个月户外暴露试验以揭示自然老化过程对微塑料表面特征及对金属离子(Cr⁶⁺和Co²⁺)吸附行为的重要影响.结果显示,户外暴露改变了PC微塑料的理化性质,包括表面开裂、粒径降低、亲水性和熔点增加以及表面氧化（产生羰基和羟基）.同时,户外老化过程明显影响微塑料对金属离子的吸附行为.原始和低老化程度PC对金属离子的吸附主要通过物理作用控制,而高老化程度微塑料由于产生含氧功能团对金属离子的吸附主要由化学过程如络合和共价键等作用控制.并且,不同老化程度PC微塑料对Cr⁶⁺和Co²⁺的吸附性能不同.对于Cr⁶⁺,PC的吸附性能随其老化程度增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,然而对于Co²⁺,平衡吸附性能随老化程度增加呈增加的趋势.户外老化过程产生含氧官能团、破碎和开裂以及生物膜可能是影响吸附性能的主要因素.本研究证实了长期户外...     

基于生物膜序批式反应器工艺的城市污水磷酸盐富集实验研究

基于生物膜序批式反应器（BSBR）工艺,对模拟城市污水中的磷酸盐进行高效去除、回收.实验在探究不同蓄磷量和碳源对反应器效能、磷回收效率影响的基础上,进一步分析了两者的共同作用对厌氧释磷速率和释磷量的影响.结果表明,在反应器低碳源投加(仅厌氧投加200mg·L^-1)和低磷进水(10 mg·L^-1)工况下,磷回收液浓度随着蓄磷量增加而增大,磷回收液浓度最高可达到225.5 mg·L^-1,蓄磷量可达159.6mg·g^-1;同时探究了磷回收液浓度与平均磷回收效率间的关系,在以（6±1）d为回收周期的循环下,磷富集液浓度达到（106.6±10）mg·L^-1,此时平均磷回收效率为78.62%±2.3%;而且提高3.6倍蓄磷量可提高1.9倍释磷量,较之4倍碳源投加量时的1.79倍释磷量更为高效.因此,本反应器能基于更低碳源投加量获取高浓度磷回收液,从而为未来废水处理厂中磷的回收提供新的方向.     

乡村人居环境系统韧性的演变规律及其提升路径——以国家城乡融合发展试验区重庆西部片区为例

以国家城乡融合发展试验区——重庆西部片区为研究区,以2009年、2014年、2019年为研究时点,以2009—2019年为研究时段,按照思想缘起、理论基础、实证演绎、提升路径的研究思路,建立乡村人居环境系统韧性测度的指标体系,分析其演变规律。研究结果表明：2009—2019年,重庆西部片区的乡村人居环境系统韧性水平不断上升,呈现出“南高北低”的空间格局。各子系统韧性在时间上呈现出不同程度的增长趋势,在空间上差异明显：自然系统韧性与人类系统韧性分别呈现出“由南向北递减”和“东西部向中部递减”的空间格局;居住系统韧性与支撑系统韧性则分别呈现出由“低值点缀分布”逐渐过渡到较为均衡和“普遍均衡、高低值点缀”的空间格局;社会系统韧性表现为“西部增强、东部减弱”的空间格局特征。借助障碍度模型对重庆西部片区乡村人居环境系统韧性提升的障碍因子及不同区县面临的主导障碍进行诊断,根据结果将重庆西部片区划分为单一主导障碍型、双重障碍型与三层障碍型三种类型,据此设计乡村人居环境系统韧性提升的差异化路径,以期打破重庆西部片区乡村人居环境系统韧性提升的多重制约。     

中国冰雪资源高质量开发：理论审视、实践转向与挑战应对

推动冰雪资源高质量开发,是实现联合国可持续发展目标的新路径与新模式,是践行“两山理论”的重要环节,也是落实全民健身国家战略、助力体育强国建设的重要手段。在实际建设的理论指导层面,社会学所倡导的幸福感理论明确了冰雪资源高质量开发的终极目标,资源经济学的资源价值理论为冰雪资源的价值认识及价格核算提供了科学工具,地理学的人地关系理论是探究空间分异规律及人地系统耦合路径的理论基石。基于我国冰雪资源开发实践的系列转变及现实挑战,提出我国冰雪资源高质量开发的实现路径,即坚持观念创新的发展方式、多重协调的发展要求、积极开放的发展理念以及主客共赢的发展目标。     

PM2.5与O3协同控制视角下深圳市工业VOCs源谱特征

选取深圳8类典型工业行业开展VOCs样品采集,检测分析了100种VOCs组分,从PM_2.5和O₃协同控制的角度分析了不同污染源的成分谱特征和对环境的影响.结果表明：加油站源谱组成以烷烃（48.4%）占主导,OVOCs （27.6%）占比突出,乙酸乙酯（14.1%）、异戊烷（13.0%）、正戊烷（12.0%）为其优势排放物种;涂料制造、胶黏剂生产、油墨制造、化工制品、纺织印染、医药制造行业排放组成均以OVOCs （42.3%~97.1%）占主导,丙酮为大多数行业的优势物种,且乙腈在部分行业中占比突出.垃圾发电行业以OVOCs （33.9%）和卤代烃（28.3%）占主导,乙醛（13.4%）、丙酮（11.0%）、一氯甲烷（6.1%）为该行业排放的优势物种.以PM_2.5和O₃协同控制为导向,芳香烃和烯烃是储存运输源需要控制的重点;OVOCs和芳香烃都应成为工艺过程源和废弃物处理源控制的关键.涂料制造行业的源反应活性SR_O3和SR_SOA值分别为6.0g/g和1.2g/g,削减单位质量排放的VOCs所减少的PM_2.5和O₃生成潜势最多,应成为深圳市PM_2.5和O₃协同控制下的优先控制行业.     

Ambient volatile organic compounds at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region: Variations, source apportionment and effects on ozone formation

We present the continuously measurements of volatile organic compounds（VOCs） at a receptor site（Wan Qing Sha, WQS） in the Pearl River Delta（PRD） region from September to November of 2017. The average mixing ratios of total VOCs（TVOCs） was 36.3 ± 27.9 ppbv with the dominant contribution from alkanes（55.5%）, followed by aromatics（33.3%）. The diurnal variation of TVOCs showed a strong photochemical consumption during daytime,resulting in the formation of ozone（O₃）. Five VOC sources were ...     

Biofilm-overproducing Bacillus subtilis B12ΔYwcc decreases Cd uptake in Chinese cabbage through increasing Cd-immobilizing related gene abundance and root surface colonization

Biofilm-producing bacteria can decrease Cd uptake in vegetables, but mechanisms underlying this effect are poorly characterized. In this study, two mutant strains B12ΔYwcc and B12ΔSlrR were constructed from a biofilm-producing Bacillus subtilis strain B12. Then, the impacts of strain B12 and its high biofilm-producing mutant strain B12ΔYwcc and low biofilm-producing mutant strain B12ΔSlrR on Cd availability and uptake in Chinese cabbage and the related mechanisms were investigated in the Cd-polluted soil. Strain B12 and its mutants B12ΔYwcc and B12ΔSlrR increased the dry biomasses of edible tissues by 54%–130% compared with the controls. Strain B12 and its mutant B12ΔYwcc reduced the soil available Cd content by 36%–50% and root and edible tissue Cd contents by 23%–50% compared with the controls. Furthermore, the mutant strain B12ΔYwcc reduced the edible tissue Cd content by 40% and increased the polysaccharide content by 23%, invertase activity by 139%, and gene copies of the cumA by 4.5-fold, epsA by 7.1-fold, and cadA by 4.3-fold, which were involved in Cd adsorption in the rhizosphere soils, respectively, compared with strain B12. The polysaccharide content and cumA, epsA, and cadA gene copy numbers showed significantly reverse correlations with the available Cd content. Notably, the mutant strain B12ΔYwcc showed better ability to colonize the vegetable root surface than strain B12. These findings demonstrated that the biofilm-overproducing mutant strain B12ΔYwcc increased the polysaccharide production and Cd-immobilizing related cumA, epsA, and cadA gene copies, resulting in lower Cd availability and accumulation in Chinese cabbage in the Cd-polluted soil.     

Grazing greatly reduces the temporal stability of soil cellulolytic fungal community in a steppe on the Tibetan Plateau

Excessive livestock grazing degrades grasslands ecosystem stability and sustainability by reducing soil organic matter and plant productivity. However, the effects of grazing on soil cellulolytic fungi, an important indicator of the degradation process for soil organic matter, remain less well understood. Using T-RFLP and sequencing methods, we investigated the effects of grazing on the temporal changes of cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure in dry steppe soils during the growing months from May to September, on the Tibetan Plateau using T-RFLP and sequencing methods. The results demonstrated that the abundance of soil cellulolytic fungi under grazing treatment changed significantly from month to month, and was positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soil temperature, but negatively correlated with soil pH. Contrastingly, cellulolytic fungal abundance did not change within the fencing treatment (ungrazed conditions). Cellulolytic fungal community structure changed significantly in the growing months in grazed soils, but did not change in fenced soils. Grazing played a key role in determining the community structure of soil cellulolytic fungi by explaining 8.1% of the variation, while pH and DOC explained 4.1% and 4.0%, respectively. Phylogenetically, the cellulolytic fungi were primarily affiliated with Ascomycota (69.65% in relative abundance) and Basidiomycota (30.35%). Therefore, grazing substantially reduced the stability of soil cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure, as compared with the fencing treatment. Our finding provides a new insight into the responses of organic matter-decomposing microbes for grassland managements.