改性矿物吸附剂抗菌作用

通过对蒙脱石、沸石和蛭石进行改性处理,研究了三者对大肠杆菌（E．coB）和猪链球菌（S．suis）的抗菌作用。结果发现,经过改性处理后三者对细菌的抗菌能力上升,其中以双十八烷基二甲基溴化铵改性蒙脱石（DODMAB．MMT）的抗菌效果最好,对E．coli和S．suis的抗菌率达到95％以上。研究了DODMAB—MMT在体外对E．coli和S．suis的抗菌规律,以及对土壤中微生物的影响。结果表明,同等菌液浓度条件下,DODMAB—MMT对S．suis的抗菌效果好于E．coli。介质温度、pH值和有机物浓度都会对DODMAB—MMT的抗菌效果产生影响,在一定范围内,介质温度越高、pH值偏离中性、有机物含量越低时,抗菌效果越好。低浓度DODMAB—MMT（〈25rtlg／g土壤）对土壤中E．coli和S．suis基本无抗菌作用,高浓度DODMAB—MMT对土壤中的E．coli和S．suis具有抗菌作用。     

磁絮凝处理废水工艺条件的响应曲面法优化研究

以聚硅硫酸铁(PFSS)为絮凝剂、磁流体为磁种,采用磁絮凝法处理模拟废水。在正交实验基础上,利用Matlab软件进行响应曲面分析,研究磁絮凝法处理模拟废水的各因素间具有的交互作用关系。回归拟合结果表明最佳工艺条件为:PFSS加入量36.8g/L,模拟废水pH7.4,磁种加入量14.7mg/L,搅拌转速266r/min。在最佳工艺条件下进行实验,TP去除率为97.70%。     

采油废水的深度处理回用

采用溶气气浮—生物接触氧化—膜分离组合工艺深度处理采油废水。实验结果表明,出水水质满足热采锅炉进水要求。该法可年处理废水1.3×105m3,产水率按50%计,年节约新鲜水和废水回灌费用共计77.88万元,年节水效益为21.71万元。     

活性炭电极对溶液中NaCl的电吸附行为

用活性炭、酚醛树脂和乌洛托品制备了活性炭电极。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析了电极的表面性质,发现电极表面的黏结剂可完全碳化,且活性炭上带有大量含氧官能团;利用电化学工作站采用循环伏安法对电极进行了测试,表明电吸附是一稳定而又可逆的过程,电极电流的最大值由碳化前的0.019 8A升至碳化后的0.042 7A,双电层电容提高到碳化前的2.16倍;对NaCl的电吸附实验表明碳化后电极的电吸附率是碳化前的1.59倍,活性炭的吸附容量也由1.14mg/g提高到3.29mg/g,且活性炭电极具有良好的重复利用性。     

三元乙丙橡胶超细纤维复合膜的制备及其截留性能

以四氢呋喃和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,配制三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)纺丝液,通过静电纺丝技术制备了EPDM超细纤维,进而以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微滤膜为基膜制备了EPDM超细纤维复合膜。采用红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对EPDM超细纤维的结构和形态进行了表征。考察了复合膜对苯乙烯废水的截留效果和复合膜通量的变化情况。实验结果表明:EPDM超细纤维具有类似无纺布形式的多孔纤维网状结构,其直径在0.2~2.0μm之间;复合膜在操作压力为0.1MPa的条件下,处理质量浓度为100μg/mL的模拟苯乙烯废水,膜通量约为5.90mL/(cm2.h),苯乙烯去除率可达89.7%。     

TiO_2/SiO_2@γ-Fe_2O_3光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

以共沉淀法制备的纳米Fe3O4为核,以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO2@Fe3O4壳-核结构纳米颗粒,再以钛酸四丁酯为钛源,通过溶胶-凝胶法、经焙烧制得TiO2/SiO2@γ-Fe2O3磁性纳米光催化剂。采用X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、比表面分析仪、振动磁强计对光催化剂的结构进行了表征,以苯酚溶液为模拟废水对光催化剂的光催化性能进行了评价。实验结果表明:经500℃焙烧的光催化剂活性相为锐钛矿型TiO2;在苯酚溶液初始浓度为0.2mmol/L、苯酚溶液pH为7的条件下,COD去除率为70.9%。     

固定化白腐真菌反应器与接触氧化反应器联用处理癸二酸生产废水

采用固定化白腐真菌(WRF)反应器与接触氧化反应器联用处理癸二酸废水。在WRF反应器中,以汽曝玉米秸秆为载体,并添加铜、铁促进白腐真菌生长和产酶作用,载体的使用寿命约为45 d。在进水苯酚平均质量浓度为69.36 mg/L、平均进水COD为1 648.81 mg/L的条件下,经WRF反应器处理后,苯酚平均质量浓度降至7.59 mg/L,平均出水COD降至478.03 mg/L;再经接触氧化反应器处理后,苯酚平均质量浓度降至1.65 mg/L,平均出水COD降至297.31 mg/L。     

Analysis of arable land loss and its impact on rural sustainability in Southern Jiangsu Province of China

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in southern Jiangsu Province have consumed a huge amount of arable land. Through comparative analysis of land cover maps derived from TM images in 1990, 2000 and 2006, we identified the trend of arable land loss. It is found that most arable land is lost to urbanization and rural settlements development. Urban settlements, rural settlements, and industrial park-mine-transport land increased, respectively, by 87 997 ha (174.65%), 81 041 ha (104.52%), and 12 692 ha (397.99%) from 1990 to 2006. Most of the source (e.g., change from) land covers are rice paddy fields and dryland. These two covers contributed to newly urbanized areas by 37.12% and 73.52% during 1990–2000, and 46.39% and 38.86% during 2000–2006. However, the loss of arable land is weakly correlated with ecological service value, per capita net income of farmers, but positively with grain yield for some counties. Most areas in the study site have a low arable land depletion rate and a high potential for sustainable development. More attention should be directed at those counties that have a high depletion rate but a low potential for sustainable development. Rural settlements should be controlled and rationalized through legislative measures to achieve harmonious development between urban and rural areas, and sustainable development for rural areas with a minimal impact on the ecoenvironment.     

Development Potentials and Policy Options of Biomass in China

Biomass, one of the most important renewable energies, is playing and will continue to play an important role in the future energy structure of the world. This article aims to analyze the position and role, assess the resource availability, discuss the geographic distribution, market scale and industry development, and present the policy options of biomass in China. The resource availability and geographical distribution of biomass byproducts are assessed in terms of crop residues, manure, forest and wood biomass byproducts, municipal waste and wastewater. The position of biomass use for power generation is just next to hydropower among types of renewable energy in China. The potential quantity of all biomass byproducts energy in 2004 is 3511 Mtce (Mtce is the abbreviation of million tons of coal equivalents and 1 Mtce is equal to10⁶ tce.), while the acquirable quantity is 460 Mtce. Biomass energy plays a critical role in rural regions of China. The geographical distribution and quantity of biomass byproducts resources depends mainly on the relationship between ecological zones and climate conditions. Our estimation shows that the total quantity of crop residues, manure, forest and wood biomass byproducts, municipal waste and wastewater resources are 728, 3926, 2175, 155 and 48240 Mt (million tons), respectively. Crop residues come mainly from the provinces of Henan, Shandong, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Sichuan. All manure is mainly located in the provinces of Henan, Shandong, Sichuan, Hebei and Hunan. Forest and wood biomass byproducts are mainly produced in the provinces or autonomous regions of Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, while most of municipal waste mainly comes from Guangdong, Shandong, Heilongjiang, Hubei and Jiangsu. Most of wastewater is largely discharged from advanced provinces like Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong and Henan. Biomass byproducts’ energy distribution also varies from province to province in China. Based on the analysis of the market scale and industry development, the article argues that China’s biomass energy industry is still at a very early stage of development and that Feed-in Tariffs (FIT) might be the best policy option for China to promote its development of biomass energy. A successful enforcement of FIT in China needs some policy combination of special capital subsidies, R&D funding, tax incentives and pricing.     

An Estimation of the Effects of China’s Priority Forestry Programs on Farmers’ Income

In the late 1990s, the Chinese government initiated some new programs and consolidated other existing ones of ecological restoration and resource development in its forest sector, and renamed them as “Priority Forestry Programs,” or PFPs. They include the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP), the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), the Desertification Combating Program around Beijing and Tianjin (DCBT), the Shelterbelt Development Program (SBDP), and the Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve Development Program (WCNR). In addition to improving the environmental and resource conditions, a frequently reiterated goal of these PFPs is to increase rural households’ income, therefore discussing why looking at rural household income impacts might be an important part of forest program evaluation. Thus, an interesting and important question is: How has implementing the PFPs affected the farmers’ income and poverty status? This article addresses this question using a fixed-effects model and a panel dataset that covers 1968 households in four provinces for ten consecutive years (1995–2004). The empirical evidence indicates that their effects are mixed. The SLCP, the SBDP, and the NFPP have made positive impact and, by far, the SLCP has the largest effect. But the WCNR and the DCBT still have not had a pronounced overall effect due to their short time span of execution, even though they may have exerted certain influence at the margin. Notably, the impact of the WCNR, if any, is negative.