Community‐based water supplies in Cikarang,Indonesia: are they sustainable?

Community‐based water supply (CBWS) is an example of how a community manages common pool resources (CPR). This results in an alternative approach to solve water supply problems in developing countries by enhancing community participation in managing water supply. This research evaluates the sustainability of five CBWS projects in Cikarang, Indonesia by using Ostrom's design principles, with additional sustainability factors found in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on drinking water and groundwater sustainability. Quinn et al. (2007) criteria were used in the analysis, and the results show that the management of four CBWS institutions were absent and one CBWS institution was weak. With regards to the SDG's drinking water target, the CBWS institutions were unable to comply with safe water standards, and in terms of groundwater sustainability, efforts to monitor and sustain groundwater tables were absent. Results from this research suggest that more focus must be placed on water quality and groundwater sustainability for CBWS projects.     

Feeding, metabolism and growth in the Antarctic limpet, Nacella concinna (Strebel 1908)

Post-prandial increases in metabolism, the specific dynamic action of feeding (SDA), were evaluated in the Antarctic limpet Nacella concinna. O₂ consumption rose to a peak value 2.3 times higher than pre-feeding standard metabolic rates. This peak rise is low for marine ectotherms, but is typical of polar species. There were three peaks in the SDA, the first lasted only for the 1st day, was caused by handling, and was minor. The second was the major peak. It lasted from post-prandial days 4–9 inclusive, and accounted for around 70% of the SDA response. The third peak lasted from day 11 to day 15 and accounted for 30% of the total SDA. A 15-day SDA is much longer than values for temperate species, but is again typical for polar marine ectotherms. NH₃ excretion declined post-prandially from around 0.4 μmol animal⁻¹ h⁻¹ to values between 0.025 and 0.223 μmol animal⁻¹ h⁻¹ throughout the SDA. The total O₂ consumed in the SDA was 90.2 μmol O₂, which converts to 44.7 J of energy. This was 45–50% of the energy consumed in the meal (93.5 J). Pre-feeding O:N ratios, after 26 days without food, were around 1, indicating protein as the sole metabolic substrate prior to initiating the SDA. After feeding, O:N ratios rose to between 2.5 and 19, indicating significant use of lipid or carbohydrate from the food. Experiments were conducted in ambient seawater with enhanced levels of Sr (SrCl added at 800 mg kg⁻¹), and limpets were fed microalgal films also grown in enhanced Sr media. Sr incorporated in the shells during the experiment allowed the measurement of shell increments deposited during the SDA. Between five and eight microgrowth bands were present in the Sr-enhanced increments, which was similar to the number of days in the second SDA peak. The mean shell increment laid down was 17.6 μm. Estimating tissue deposition from measured growth increments and published ash-free dry mass (AFDM) to length relationships produced a value of 0.81 mg AFDM, which converted to 26.4 J of energy, or 25–30% of the energy ingested in the meal. Estimates of growth increments associated with a single SDA have not previously been possible. Overall energy used in the SDA and tissue deposition accounted for 75–80% of the energy ingested; the remainder was probably accounted for by unmeasured costs such as mucus production. Received: 6 June 2000 / Accepted: 20 September 2000     

Review of strategic planning guidance in Scotland

In Scotland, land use planning decisions have been aided by a series of National Planning Guidelines published over a period of nearly 20 years. The Guidelines represent a distinctive contribution to planning practice and have enabled the Scottish Office to inform local authorities of governmental policy on key land use issues. The Guidelines have been accompanied by Land Use Summary Sheets, providing assessments of specific land resources, and Circulars setting down ministerial policy. These instruments have attracted considerable interest outwith Scotland and their future development is also of wider significance. Current proposals seek to change these arrangements and, in particular, to replace the Guidelines with National Planning Policy Guidelines. The effects of the proposed changes are reviewed and discussed.     

Mitochondrial plasticity in brachiopod (Liothyrella spp.) smooth adductor muscle as a result of season and latitude

Habitat temperature and mitochondrial volume density (Vv_(mt,mf)) are negatively correlated in fishes, while seasonal acclimatization may increase Vv_(mt,mf) or the surface density of the mitochondrial cristae (Sv_(im,mt)). The effect of temperature on invertebrate mitochondria is essentially unknown. A comparison of two articulate brachiopod species, Liothyrella uva collected from Rothera Station, Antarctica in summer 2007, and Liothyrella neozelanica collected from Fiordland, New Zealand in winter 2007 and summer 2008, revealed a higher Vv_(mt,mf) in the Antarctic brachiopod. The Sv_(im,mt) was, however, significantly lower, indicating the Antarctic brachiopods have more, less reactive mitochondria. L. uva, from the colder environment, had larger adductor muscles in both absolute and relative terms than the temperate L. neozelanica. Furthermore, a seasonal comparison (winter vs. summer) in L. neozelanica showed that the absolute and relative size of the adductor increased in winter, Vv_(mt,mf) was unchanged, and Sv_(im,mt) was significantly increased. Thus, seasonal acclimatization to the cold resulted in the same number of more reactive mitochondria. L. neozelanica was clearly able to adapt to seasonal changes using a different mechanism, i.e. primarily through regulation of cristae surface area as opposed to mitochondrial volume density. Furthermore, given the evolutionary age of these living fossils (i.e. approximately 550 million years), this suggests that mitochondrial plasticity has roots extending far back into evolutionary history.     

Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish

1. For water pollution control purposes, the concentration-addition model for describing the joint effects of mixtures of toxicants on aquatic organisms is appropriate; in this model the contribution of each component in the mixture is expressed as a proportion of the aqueous concentration producing a given response in a given time (e.g. p 96-h LC50).

2. Examination of available data using this model shows that for mixtures of toxicants found in sewage and industrial effluents, the joint acutely-lethal toxicity to fish and other aquatic organisms is close to that predicted, assuming simple addition of the proportional contribution from each toxicant. The observed median value for the joint effect of these toxicants on fish is 0.95 of that predicted, and the corresponding collective value for sewage effluents, river waters, and a few industrial wastes, based on the toxicity of their constituents, is 0.85, while that for pesticides is 1.3.

3. The less-than-predicted effect of commonly-occurring toxicants in some mixtures may be partly attributable to small fractions of their respective LC50 values having a less-than-additional effect. However, recent research has shown that for some organic chemicals which have a common quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), their joint action as determined by acute toxicity is additive at all concentrations.

4. The few (unpublished) data available for the long-term lethal joint effect on fish of toxicants in mixtures suggest that they may be markedly more than additive, a phenomenon that needs confirmation and further investigation.

5. In the few studies on the sub-lethal effects on fish (eg growth), the joint effect of toxicants has been consistently less-than-additive which suggests that as concentrations of toxicants are reduced towards the levels of no effect, their potential for addition is also reduced. There appear to be no marked and consistent differences between the response of different species to mixtures of toxicants.

6. Field studies have shown that reasonably accurate toxicity predictions based on chemical analysis can be made if the waters which are polluted are acutely lethal to fish, and that a fish population of some kind can exist where the median 2 p t LCSOs (rainbow trout) is < 0.2. It is not known whether this condition is equivalent to a C p NOEC of 4.0 (ie the sum of the individual fractions of the NOEC for the species present), or to a NOEC of < 1.0 for each individual toxicant (i.e. fractions of the NOEC are not summed).

7. In general, the joint effect of the common toxicants on lethal and sub-lethal responses of fish is not explained by variations in the uptake of the individual toxicants concerned; this may not apply for those chemicals with a common QSAR, although there is little experimental evidence in this field.

8. There is an immediate need for more empirical studies on the joint effect of mixtures of toxic units of individual components, and the relation between long- and short-term lethal and non-lethal joint effects. This applies to mixtures of commonly occurring toxicants as well as to mixtures of organic chemicals with a common QSAR. The data obtained should be reinforced by studies on the mechanisms of interaction of toxicants. More field studies which relate water quality to the structure and productivity of fish populations are also required, involving direct measurements of fractional toxicity of the river water wherever possible.

9. The concentration-addition model appears to be adequate to describe the joint effect of commonly-occurring constituents of sewage and industrial wastes, and for tentative predictions of the joint effect on fish populations of toxicants present at concentrations higher than the EIFAC recommended values. However, concentrations lower than the EIFAC recommended values may make an increasingly lesser contribution to the toxicity of mixtures of toxicants and there may be a need to adjust the tentative water quality criteria downwards where two or more toxicants are present at concentrations close to these values. For toxicants with a common QSAR, their additive joint action may necessitate the setting of water quality criteriafor this group as a whole and not on the basis of individual compounds. However, too little is known of their precise joint action where the combined concentration produces a sub-lethal response.     

The potential for combining indigenous and western knowledge in reducing vulnerability to environmental hazards in small island developing states

The benefits of indigenous knowledge within disaster risk reduction are gradually being acknowledged and identified. However, despite this acknowledgement there continues to be a gap in reaching the right people with the correct strategies for disaster risk reduction.

This paper identifies the need for a specific framework identifying how indigenous and western knowledge may be combined to mitigate against the intrinsic effects of environmental processes and therefore reduce the vulnerability of rural indigenous communities in small island developing states (SIDS) to environmental hazards. This involves a review of the impacts of environmental processes and their intrinsic effects upon rural indigenous communities in SIDS and how indigenous knowledge has contributed to their coping capacity. The paper concludes that the vulnerability of indigenous communities in SIDS to environmental hazards can only be addressed through the utilisation of both indigenous and Western knowledge in a culturally compatible and sustainable manner.     

A GROUND WATER RESOURCES STUDY OF A PACIFIC OCEAN ATOLL - TARAWA,GILBERT ISLANDS1

ABSTRACT: The geology and fresh ground water lens development in a typical Pacific atoll are described together with a method for hydrogeological investigation. The fresh water resources of such lenses are investigated using Tarawa as an example. It is shown that simple steady state solutions cannot be realistically applied, and that despite the paucity of hydrogeological data, which is considered typical of such islands, practical nonsteady state solutions allow resource assessments. The susceptability of lens resources to drought conditions is demonstrated.