我国新环境保护法的突破与展望

论述了我国新环境保护法,国家环境保护规划应当坚持保护优先、预防为主、综合治理、突出重点、全面推进的原则等;新修订的《环保法》要求建立资源环境承载能力监测预警机制;推动多元共治的现代环境治理体系是加大经济处罚的力度。设计了罚款的按日连续计罚规则;要求政府主管部门应当公开环境信息,应当制定和完善公众参与的程序,为公众参与环境监督提供便利等。最后进行了展望。     

某城市污水处理厂污泥固化处理研究

课题依托哈尔滨某污水处理厂,通过建立L9(34)正交试验,选取水泥、石灰、煤灰掺入比例以及养护时间为主要影响因素,以固化块的抗压强度和COD浸出浓度为评价指标,得到各因素的影响度大小排序为:水泥养护天数石灰煤灰,优化固化条件为水泥掺入比例15%,石灰掺入比例2%,煤灰10%养护天数6 d。以此为基础进行延展实验,探讨以上因素对污泥固化效果的影响,获得最佳配方。     

重庆市综合灾害风险模糊综合评价

在重庆市灾害系统研究的基础上,依据科学性、系统性、可靠性和简明性的原则,结合实际选取评价因子,初步建立了重庆市综合灾害风险评价指标体系。以统计资料及政府公开资料为主要数据来源。使用模糊综合评判(FCE)方法构建数学模型,采用二级综合评判对重庆市各评价单元灾害风险度进行评判。根据最大隶属度原则,将重庆市各区县灾害风险度划分为五个等级,并使用GIS软件生成"重庆市灾害风险等级分布图"。最后对评判结果分析得出以下结论:(1)重庆市整体灾害综合风险水平较高;(2)全市存在两个灾害高风险等级中心;(3)沿长江、嘉陵江、乌江干流的各区县综合灾害风险等级高于其他各区县。     

增城市生态城市建设的探讨研究

当前,中国正处于城市化高速发展时期,城市规划在生态城市建设过程中起着非常重要的作用。本研究目的:探讨城市规划中的生态建设方法,并对增城市城市规划中的生态建设实践进行思考,为科学引导增城市社会、经济、文化、生态协调发展提供参考。研究方法:案例研究法,时间序列分析法和比较研究法相结合。研究结果:增城市生态建设得益于准确科学的规划控制引导,基于时代发展的制度设计和规划保障是增城市取得生态建设重大成果的根本原因。研究结论:城市规划中的生态建设是城市发展的重要命题,是实现人与自然和谐共存的基础,是实现工业文明向生态文明转变的根本保证。     

跨断层水准数据处理方法在苏鲁皖地区的应用

本文主要介绍了处理跨断层水准数据的2种方法,包括断层垂直形变速率合成分析法和断层形变趋势累计率分析法。文中概括了各种方法的特征以及在分析苏鲁皖地区断层活动趋势中的应用。     

粉煤灰对阴离子水溶性混合染料的吸附动力学

以燃煤废弃物粉煤灰作为吸附剂,对活性红23与活性蓝4、活性黄4、酸性黑1、酸性蓝193的混合染料溶液进行吸附性能研究.结果表明,在不同的混合体系中,活性红23的脱色率基本保持在60%~70%;体系中酸性染料的脱色率均超过90%;活性蓝4的脱色率高达85%;活性黄4的脱色率仅为50%.准二级吸附动力学能够更好地描述粉煤灰对水溶性混合染料的吸附过程.染料在溶液中的外扩散系数均为10-4cm·s-1数量级,染料在粉煤灰颗粒的内扩散系数为10-8cm2·s-1数量级.根据BN数,水溶性染料在粉煤灰上的竞争吸附是外扩散控制的吸附过程.     

Heterogeneous Fenton-like degradation of 4-chlorophenol using iron/ordered mesoporous carbon catalyst

Ordered mesoporous carbon supported iron catalysts(Fe/OMC) were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method and investigated in Fenton-like degradation of 4-chlorophenol(4CP) in this work. XRD and TEM characterization showed that the iron oxides were well dispersed on the OMC support and grew bigger with the increasing calcination temperature. The catalyst prepared with a lower calcination temperature showed higher decomposition efficiency towards 4CP and H2O2, but more metals were leached. The effect of different operational parameters such as initial pH, H2O2 dosage, and reaction temperature on the catalytic activity was evaluated. The results showed that 96.1% of 4CP and 47.4% of TOC was removed after 270 min at 30°C, initial pH of 3 and 6.6 mmol/L H2O2. 88% of 4CP removal efficiency was retained after three successive runs, indicating Fe/OMC a stable catalyst for Fenton reaction. 4CP was degraded predominately by the attack of hydroxyl radical formed on the catalyst surface and in the bulk solution due to iron leaching. Based on the degradation intermediates detected by high performance liquid chromatography, possible oxidation pathways were proposed during the 4CP degradation.     

Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特区水化学和溶解无机碳稳定同位素特征

对贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特世界自然遗产地49个水点进行采样,分析地表水和地下水水化学特征及控制因素,并探讨溶解无机碳(DIC)稳定同位素的分布特征和来源.结果发现,研究区地表水和地下水p H值呈中性到碱性,溶解质较低,水中阳离子以Ca2+、Mg2+为主,阴离子以HCO-3为主,水化学类型为重碳酸-钙镁型(HCO3-Ca·Mg).北部上游页岩分布区外源水水中Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4的比重相对白云岩区喀斯特水水点的高,Si的含量也明显高于白云岩地区喀斯特水;外源水的SIc和SId值为负,而流经白云岩区后均大于0.水化学数据表明研究区水化学受降水和人为活动影响很小,Gibbs图显示水中离子组成主要受岩性的控制.研究区喀斯特地表水中δ13CDIC值变化范围为-8.27‰~-11.55‰,平均为-9.45‰,地下水的δ13CDIC值范围为-10.57‰~-15.59‰,平均为-12.04‰,地表水δ13CDIC值比地下水偏重.DIC的δ13CDIC值在杉木河支流上整体表现为河流上游相对于下游偏轻,而杉木河干流上河水DIC的δ13CDIC值的变化则比较复杂.根据同位素质量平衡,利用DIC的δ13CDIC实测值,计算了喀斯特区地下水DIC来自土壤CO2和白云岩矿物溶解的比例,计算结果为51.2%来自于土壤CO2,矿物本身的贡献约为48.8%.     

企业财务危机预警判断分析方法研究

财务危机是威胁企业持续经营的根本性危机,它不是突然而至,分为潜伏期、爆发期、成长期和解决期四个阶段逐步积累过程.根据不同阶段的企业财务状况,把爱德华.阿特曼Z值计分模型和不同时期的相关财务指标结合起来,运用定量和定性相结合的分析方法,判断分析企业的财务危机的级别,从而采取相应的措施,以利于规避财务风险.