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941.
行为形成因子分析方法评述 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
为全面了解人因可靠性分析(HRA)中行为形成因子(PSF),对现有的PSF分析方法进行评述。分析情景环境的各种称谓,指出PSF是目前认可程度最高的一种,并规范PSF的定义及其内涵。分2种类型评述当前PSF的分类方法:基于影响机理分类和系统化分类。评述在HRA中PSF的选择和使用情况,针对不同的问题给出选择和使用PSF的建议。分别从定性评价和定量评价2个方面对PSF的评价方法进行评述。结果表明,PSF分析方法仍处于发展之中,需要在后续工作中不断改进。 相似文献
942.
943.
Intraspecific variation in the strength of inducible plant defenses plays a central role in the interactions between plants and herbivores. Studies of this variation are typically conducted in the greenhouse or laboratory rather than the field. We simultaneously manipulated densities of local consumers in the field within Maine and South Carolina populations of the smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. South Carolina, but not Maine, plants induced resistance when grazed by local consumers. South Carolina populations of Littoraria snails and planthoppers colonized control more than previously grazed South Carolina plants, and Littoraria snails consumed more control than previously grazed plants. The inducible feeding deterrents in South Carolina plants appear to be water soluble, but not phenolic based. In contrast, grazed and control plants from Maine populations did not differ in attractiveness or palatability to Maine consumers. Thus, inducible plant responses by South Carolina plants had a strong effect on the South Carolina consumer community, but no analogous effect occurred in Maine. Field experiments are a powerful approach to detecting the strength of inducible plant resistance and its impacts on local consumers, which in this case were shown to vary with location. 相似文献
944.
Hao GY Goldstein G Sack L Holbrook NM Liu ZH Wang AY Harrison RD Su ZH Cao KF 《Ecology》2011,92(11):2117-2130
Woody hemiepiphytic species (Hs) are important components of tropical rain forests, and they have been hypothesized to differ from non-hemiepiphytic tree species (NHs) in adaptations relating to water relations and carbon economy; but few studies have been conducted comparing ecophysiological traits between the two growth forms especially in an evolutionary context. Using common-garden plants of the genus Ficus, functional traits related to plant hydraulics and carbon economy were compared for seven NHs and seven Hs in their adult terrestrial "tree-like" growth phase. We used phylogenetically independent contrasts to test the hypothesis that differences in water availability selected for contrasting suites of traits in Hs and NHs, driving evolutionary correlations among functional traits including hydraulic conductivity and photosynthetic traits. Species of the two growth forms differed in functional traits; Hs had substantially lower xylem hydraulic conductivity and stomatal conductance, and higher instantaneous photosynthetic water use efficiency. Leaf morphological and structural traits also differed strikingly between the two growth forms. The Hs had significantly smaller leaves, higher leaf mass per area (LMA), and smaller xylem vessel lumen diameters. Across all the species, hydraulic conductivity was positively correlated with leaf gas exchange indicating high degrees of hydraulic-photosynthetic coordination. More importantly, these correlations were supported by correlations implemented on phylogenetic independent contrasts, suggesting that most trait correlations arose through repeated convergent evolution rather than as a result of chance events in the deep nodes of the lineage. Vatiation in xylem hydraulic conductivity was also centrally associated with a suite of other functional traits related to carbon economy and growth, such as LMA, water use efficiency, leaf nutrient concentration, and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiency, indicating important physiological constraints or trade-offs among functional traits. Shifts in this trait cluster apparently related to the adaptation to drought-prone canopy growth during the early life cycle of Hs and clearly affected ecophysiology of the later terrestrial stage of these species. Evolutionary flexibility in hydraulics and associated traits might be one basis for the hyper-diversification of Ficus species in tropical rain forests. 相似文献
945.
946.
曹晓凡 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2011,(6):84-86
在任务驱动教学法下,在自主学习中提出问题、解决问题是重点,进行学习效果评价、形成反馈信息是总结提高阶段,每一个环节都必须统筹安排,合理兼顾。《环境法学》课程教学活动中合理采用任务驱动教学法,不仅充分体现了以学生为主体、老师为主导的现代教育思想,而且极大地调动了学生的积极性和创造性,也为提高学生的实践能力和创新能力营造了良好的氛围。 相似文献
947.
Surface sediments collected from nine urban rivers located in Zhongshan City, Pearl River Delta, were analyzed for total concentration of metals with digestion and chemical fractionation adopting the modified European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that concentration and fractionation of metals varied significantly among the rivers. The total concentration of eight metals in most rivers did not exceed the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soil, Grade III. The potential ecological risk of metals to rivers were related to the land use patterns, in the order of manufacturing areas > residential areas > agriculture areas. The concentration of Pb in the reducible fraction was relatively high (60.0-84.3%). The dominant proportions of Cd, Zn and Cu were primary in the non-residual fraction (67.0%, 71.8% and 81.4% on average respectively), while the percentages of the residual fractions of Cr and Ni varied over a wide range (43-85% and 24-71% respectively). The approaches of the H?kanson ecological risk index and Secondary Phase Enrichment Factor were applied for ecological risk assessment and metal enrichment calculation. The results indicated Hg and Cd had posed high potential ecological risk to urban rivers in this region. Meanwhile, there was widespread pollution and high enrichment of Cu in river sediments in this region. Multiple regression analysis showed that five water quality parameters (pH, DO, COD(Mn), NH(4)(+)-N, TP) had little influence on the distribution of metal fractionation. This result revealed that the ecological risk of metals was not eliminated along with the improvement in water quality. Correlation studies showed that among the metals, Group A (Cd, As, Pb, Zn Hg, r = 0.730-0.924) and Group B (Cr, Cu, Ni, r = 0.815-0.948) were obtained, and the metal contaminations were from industrial activities rather than residential. 相似文献
948.
Yang F Shen R Long Y Sun X Tang F Cai Q Yao S 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(2):440-445
Magnetic microsphere confined ionic liquid was synthesized by covalently bonding N-methylimidazolium on magnetic microspheres. The functionalized magnetic microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared material was used for the preconcentration of three chlorophenols (CPs) in water combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Several conditions that probably affected the extraction efficiency such as standing time, eluent and its volume, sample pH and volume, were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, good recoveries (70.3-88.8%) were achieved with satisfactory relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 6.0%. The limits of detection for the three CPs were 0.20-0.35 μg L(-1). The results indicated that the ionic liquid-functionalized magnetic microspheres show significant promise for the analysis of CPs in environmental samples. 相似文献
949.
Long Ngo Louise M. Ryan Maura Mezzetti Frédéric Y. Bois Thomas J. Smith 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2011,18(1):131-146
In a study of 133 volunteer subjects, demographic, physiologic and pharmacokinetic data through exposure to 1,3-Butadiene
(BD) were collected in order to estimate the percentage of BD concentration metabolized at steady state, and to determine
whether this percentage varies across gender, racial, and age groups. During the 20 min of continuous exposure to 2 parts
per million (ppm) of BD, five measurements of exhaled concentration were made on each subject. In the following 40 min washout
period, another five measurements were collected. A Bayesian hierarchical compartmental physiologically-based pharmacokinetic
model (PKPB) was used. Using prior information on the model parameters, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation was conducted
to obtain posterior distributions. The overall estimate of the mean percent of BD metabolized at steady state was 12.7% (95%
credible interval: 7.7–17.8%). There was no significant difference in gender with males having a mean of 13.5%, and females
12.3%. Among the racial groups, Hispanic (13.9%), White (13.0%), Asian (12.1%), and Black (10.9%), the significant difference
came from the difference between Black and Hispanic with a 95% credible interval from −5.63 to −0.30%. Those older than 30 years
had a mean of 12.2% versus 12.9% for the younger group; although this was not a statistically significant difference. Given
a constant inhalation input of 2 ppm, at steady state, the overall mean exhaled concentration was estimated to be 1.75ppm
(95% credible interval: 1.64–1.84). An equivalent parameter, first-order metabolic rate constant, was also estimated and found
to be consistent with the percent of BD metabolized at steady state across gender, race, and age strata. 相似文献
950.