Spatial Extent Of Degraded Sediment Quality In Puget Sound (Washington State, U.S.A.) Based Upon Measures Of The Sediment Quality Triad

A survey was designed and conducted to determine the severity, spatial patterns, and spatial extent of degraded sediment quality in Puget Sound (Washington State, USA). A weight of evidence compiled from results of chemical analyses, toxicity tests, and benthic infaunal analyses was used to classify the quality of sediments. Sediment samples were collected from 300 locations within a 2363 km² area extending from the US/Canada border to the inlets of southern Puget Sound and Hood Canal. Degraded conditions, as indicated with a combination of high chemical concentrations, significant toxicity, and adversely altered benthos, occurred in samples that represented about 1% of the total area. These conditions invariably occurred in samples collected within urbanized bays and industrial waterways, especially near the urban centers of Everett, Seattle, Tacoma, and Bremerton. Sediments with high quality (as indicated by no toxicity, no contamination, and the presence of a relatively abundant and diverse infauna) occurred in samples that represented a majority (68%) of the total study area. Sediments in which results of the three kinds of analyses were not in agreement were classified as intermediate in quality and represented about 31% of the total area. Relative to many other estuaries and marine bays of the USA, Puget Sound sediments ranked among those with minimal evidence of toxicant-induced degradation.     

Incidence of stress in benthic communities along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts within different ranges of sediment contamination from chemical mixtures

Synoptic data on concentrations of sediment-associated chemical contaminants and benthic macroinfaunal community structure were collected from 1,389 stations in estuaries along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts as part of the nationwide Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). These data were used to develop an empirical framework for evaluating risks of benthic community-level effects within different ranges of sediment contamination from mixtures of multiple chemicals present at varying concentrations. Sediment contamination was expressed as the mean ratio of individual chemical concentrations relative to corresponding sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), including Effects Range-Median (ERM) and Probable Effects Level (PEL) values. Benthic condition was assessed using diagnostic, multi-metric indices developed for each of three EMAP provinces (Virginian, Carolinian, and Louisianian). Cumulative percentages of stations with a degraded benthic community were plotted against ascending values of the mean ERM and PEL quotients. Based on the observed relationships, mean SQG quotients were divided into four ranges corresponding to either a low, moderate, high, or very high incidence of degraded benthic condition. Results showed that condition of the ambient benthic community provides a reliable and sensitive indicator for evaluating the biological significance of sediment-associated stressors. Mean SQG quotients marking the beginning of the contaminant range associated with the highest incidence of benthic impacts (73–100% of samples, depending on the province and type of SQG) were well below those linked to high risks of sediment toxicity as determined by short-term toxicity tests with single species. Measures of the ambient benthic community reflect the sensitivities of multiple species and life stages to persistent exposures under actual field conditions. Similar results were obtained with preliminary data from the west coast (Puget Sound).     

伊犁地区维吾尔民族氟斑牙研究

应用环境流行病学原理和方法，就可能导致伊犁地区维吾尔民族中发现的氟斑牙的环境化学因子，存在于食物、大气、水、土壤的诸介质进行了调查，并进行了环境因子效应的研究，发现维吾尔民族尿氟较高，平均为２．１９ｍｇ／Ｌ，波动范围为：１．６５～６．１０ｍｇ／Ｌ氟斑牙在维吾尔民族中呈散在发生（２％），总氟摄入量为１０．７５ｍｇ，奶茶中过量氟摄入为主要贡献。     

Survey of phthalate pollution in arable soils in China

The problem of pollution by phthalates is of global concern due to their widespread occurrence, toxicity and endocrine disruption properties. The contamination by phthalates such as dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in 23 arable soils throughout China was investigated to evaluate the present pollution situation. The survey results demonstrated that phthalates were ubiquitous pollutants in soils in China. The total concentrations of phthalates differed from one location to another, and ranged from 0.89 to 10.03 mg kg(-1) with a median concentration of 3.43 mg kg(-1). Among the phthalates, DEHP was dominant and detected in all 23 soils. DEP and DBP were also in abundance, and DMP was rarely detected. Similar contamination patterns were observed in all 23 soils. A distinct feature of phthalate pollution in China was that the average concentration in northern China was higher than that in southern China. In addition, a close relationship was observed between the concentration of phthalates in soils and the consumption of agricultural film. The correlation showed that the application of agriculture film might be a significant pollution source of phthalates in arable soils of China. The potential risk of phthalates in soils was assessed on the basis of current guide values and limits.     

Formaldehyde levels in homes insulated with urea-formaldehyde foam

Twenty seven UFFI homes in Colorado and Wisconsin were sampled for formaldehyde levels. The formaldehyde concentrations found in these homes averaged 0.059 ppm. Two homes were monitored for an extended period to determine the impact of ambient climatic conditions.     

Evaluating the Efficiency of Coagulation in the Removal of Dissolved Organic Carbon from Reservoir Water using Fluorescence and Ultraviolet Photometry

The present study used ultraviolet absorption (UVa) and the florescence intensity (FI) to evaluate the coagulation efficiency for removing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the raw water from Min-Ter, Li-Yu-Ten and Yun-Ho-Shen reservoirs in Taiwan. The results indicated that the ratio of DOC removal rate and FI removal rate was maintained at about 1 at various coagulant dosages. However, the ratio of DOC removal rate and UVa removal rate decreased as the coagulant dosage increased. In addition, after coagulation, the use of florescence intensity instead of total organic carbon (TOC) is better than UVa for measuring the DOC removal rate of the raw waters gathered in different months from the three reservoirs. Furthermore, a good linear relationship between florescence intensity and DOC removal rate was observed, and the DOC/FI ratio of raw water from each reservoir can be used to predict the DOC residual concentration after enhanced coagulation. This result shows that fluorescence analysis can be used for on-line and continuous monitoring the effectiveness of organic matter removal in water treatment.     

悬浮液进样石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定土壤、底泥中的铅、镓、钴、镍

介绍一种悬浮液进样直接测定土壤、底泥中多种微量金属元素的快速分析方法。基体改进剂的使用，适宜的原子化温度的选择，使用水相标准溶液作校准曲线成为可能．对标准作品的测定证明了此方法的精密度和准确度较好，适合于常规环境样品分析．     

Height growth of northern red oak in relation to site and atmospheric deposition in Pennsylvania

A forest tree growth-response to atmospheric deposition is expected to arise indirectly through soil chemical changes and would probably be observable only in the long term. We examined this hypothesis by evaluating the relationship between periodic height growth of mature northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees and soil, physiography and atmospheric sulfate deposition along a 170-km west-to-east gradient of decreasing sulfate deposition in north central Pennsylvania, USA. Height increments for three common 20-year periods beginning in 1929, 1949 and 1969 were estimated from exponential-monomolecular growth functions fitted to stem analysis data for each of 45 trees in 13 ecologically analogous stands along the deposition gradient. Canonical analysis was used to identify a statistically manageable subset of the original 48 independent soil, site and tree (age, crown width) variables strongly associated with height growth. Predictive models relating total (60-year) and the three 20-year height increments to the reduced variable set plus estimated average sulfate and nitrate deposition were derived by best subsets multiple regression. An inherent spatial gradient of decreasing height growth from western to eastern sites was apparent in even the earliest (1929-1948) increment. This inferred non-deposition-related spatial growth trend was accounted for in the 1949-1968 growth increment by introduction of the earliest (1929-1948) growth increment as a significant covariate in the regression model. The inherent growth largely disappeared by the 1969-1988 period as a probable consequence of converging growth rates reported to occur in oaks after age 60 years regardless of site quality. The 1969-1988 growth increment was not as strongly correlated with site factors as was growth in preceding periods, nor was early growth or sulfate deposition significantly related to this height increment. Growth effects from sulfate deposition, if any, would most likely occur within the recent (1969-1988) increment coincident with the period of naturally decreasing growth rate, when site differences and possibly environmental factors would have less influence on growth. Our results give no indication that wet sulfate inputs are affecting northern red oak height growth across the atmospheric deposition gradient.     

珠江咸潮如何治本

咸潮——因海水顺着潮汐倒灌入内江河，导致沿河两岸的水源变咸而得名，这是一种不为内陆民众所熟知的灾害。     

杠杆体坯件冷拔成形工艺及其平直度的研究

此文详细介绍了磅称杠杆坯件冷拔成形工艺过程和工艺参数,分析了生产中存在的翘曲、扭曲、旁弯及瓦形等严重形状缺陷的成因,论述了减少形状缺陷、提高平直度的工艺技术措施。