Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and n-alkane pollution characteristics and structural and functional perturbations to the microbial community: a case-study of historically petroleum-contaminated soil

Characterization of the typical petroleum pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes, and indigenous microbial community structure and function in historically contaminated soil at petrol stations is critical. Five soil samples were collected from a petrol station in Beijing, China. The concentrations of 16 PAHs and 31 n-alkanes were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total concentrations of PAHs and n-alkanes ranged from 973 ± 55 to 2667 ± 183 μg/kg and 6.40 ± 0.38 to 8.65 ± 0.59 mg/kg (dry weight), respectively, which increased with depth. According to the observed molecular indices, PAHs and n-alkanes originated mostly from petroleum-related sources. The levels of ΣPAHs and the total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (ranging from 6.41 to 72.54 μg/kg) might exert adverse biological effects. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was employed to investigate the indigenous microbial community structure and function. The results revealed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla, and Nocardioides and Microbacterium were the important genera. Based on COG and KEGG annotations, the highly abundant functional classes were identified, and these functions were involved in allowing microorganisms to adapt to the pressure from contaminants. Five petroleum hydrocarbon degradation-related genes were annotated, revealing the distribution of degrading microorganisms. This work facilitates the understanding of the composition, source, and potential ecological impacts of residual PAHs and n-alkanes in historically contaminated soil.

     

Exploring soil erosion trajectories and their divergent responses to driving factors: a model-based contrasting study in highly eroded mountain areas

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Soil erosion threatens environmental sustainability worldwide. Exploring the trajectories of soil erosion and associated drivers is of great...     

Optimisation of systems to locate discrete gamma-ray sources within a large search area

Most systems used to locate discrete gamma-ray sources involve systematically passing a detector over the search area while seeking a significant increase in the observed count-rate. This paper discusses the ways in which such systems may be designed to maximise the probability of locating a source. It is shown that optimised systems use a collimated, energy-discriminating detector and overlapping counting intervals determined by the scanning geometry and speed.     

不同构造措施的钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙是一种新型抗震剪力墙,为了比较不同构造措施对该新型剪力墙抗震性能的影响,进行了3个剪跨比为1.5的钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙低周反复荷载试验.其中,试验模型1为墙体钢板与边框柱钢管焊接,试验模型2为墙体钢板与边框柱钢管螺栓连接,试验模型3为墙体钢板开孔并与边框柱钢管焊接.通过试验研究,比较了各剪力...     

对中国综合风险管理机构体系建设的建议

在大量调研的基础上,分析了我国风险管理机构体系的现状和存在的问题,并以“统筹规划,专人负责,科学管理,共担风险”为原则,以梯形架构为理论基础,提出了对中国综合风险管理机构未来体系建设的一个建议,并对其进行了可行性分析。     

无过氧化氢添加Fenton氧化法降解有机物的可行性研究

Fenton反应可以氧化分解有机物,在反应中的关键氧化剂羟基自由基(HO·)是通过亚铁离子与过氧化氢作用生成的,因此,传统的Fenton氧化必须由外部添加过氧化氢.研究了一种新的方法,即采用Nafion膜固定化亚铁离子,并通过光催化反应提供Fenton氧化所需的过氧化氢,使得Fenton反应在不添加过氧化氢的条件下也能够连续进行.结果表明,以甲酸为代表有机物,该方法可以在不添加过氧化氢的条件下起到分解甲酸的作用.而且,通过对负载亚铁离子Nafion膜的再生,可以使该方法的降解能力保持在稳定的范围.     

膜过滤-气相色谱法测定涂料中的苯系物、环己酮和甲苯二异氰酸酯

采用膜过滤-气相色谱法测定涂料中的苯系物、环己酮和甲苯二异氰酸酯（TD I）。用7种规格的石英毛细管色谱柱对混合标准溶液和涂料试样进行了分析实验,实验结果表明,不同属性的涂料试样添加固定量的正十四烷作内标物,经膜过滤净化后,苯系物、环己酮和TD I可采用DB-1-3或DB-1-2色谱柱同时分离并测定。测试数据经多级校准曲线处理后涂料试样中苯系物、环己酮和TD I的加标回收率为98.6%～101.8%,各组分分析结果的变异系数均小于2.0%,检出限均小于1.50×10^-5g。     

基于粒间接触关系的饱和砂土液化特性研究∗

为了研究饱和砂土的液化机理,通过等体积加载的方式建立了循环荷载下饱和砂土动力响应的颗粒流计算模型,研究了饱和砂土在不同围压和加载幅值下的动力响应,探讨了颗粒间力链的发展特性,并从Shannon 熵、Boltzmann 熵以及Clausius 熵的基本关系入手,建立基于粒间接触力链的饱和砂土颗粒熵计算方法,分析了颗粒熵发展特性。结果表明：饱和砂土初始总力链主要受围压的影响,围压越大,初始总力链越多;循环荷载下饱和砂土颗粒间力链总数逐渐降低,且强力链持续向中、弱力链转换;循环荷载下饱和砂土颗粒熵表现出先升高后降低的二阶段特性,围压和加载幅值对颗粒熵峰值无明显影响,各工况的颗粒熵峰值均为0.92;定义颗粒熵峰值为相变颗粒熵,相变颗粒熵时的饱和砂土表现出固液临界态的力学特征,指示了饱和砂土由固态向往返液化状态转变的临界点。     

南盘江流域近30年季节性干旱时空分布特征

根据南盘江流域22个水文站、雨量站31 a（1979~2009年）的逐月降水资料,选用标准化降水指数（SPI）为研究指标,以11~3月为研究时段,统计近30 a来5个月时间尺度的干旱站次,分析南盘江流域季节性干旱特征;以11~3月5个月时间尺度的SPI多年平均值为指标,进行空间插值,分析南盘江流域干旱的空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）从年际上看,SPI总体上30 a来（1980~2009年）呈下降趋势,气象干旱加剧;从年代际上看,1995年以后气象干旱程度有加剧趋势;（2）南盘江流域各个地区都会发生不同程度的气象干旱,旱情总体上由南向北递增,东北部各站点11~3月的降水占全年的比例相对较小,流域内东北部干旱最严重;（3）南盘江流域冬春连旱较严重,应加强水利工程建设,为防旱、抗旱做好相应的准备措施     

我国水污染防治立法理念、机制和制度的创新

面对日益突出的水污染问题,我国现行《水污染防治法》难以适应水污染防治的要求,《水污染防治法》的修订及相关立法问题在国家立法机构、行政部门和环境法学界因而备受关注。对当前我国环境法理论界和实践部门关于水污染防治立法的观点和主张以及相关研究进展和成果进行了系统分析和整理,从为完善我国《水污染防治法》提供立法参考的目的出发,运用概括、分类和归纳的方法,对我国水污染防治立法理念、机制和制度创新进行了分析和归纳,并提出了具体的立法建议。