谈高效节能的褐煤应用技术

褐煤,一种煤化程度较低的易燃化石,在全球的煤炭储量中占据40％。在目前全球以化石能源为主体的结构下,褐煤的综合利用越来越受到世界能源专家的重视。本文主要讨论褐煤在发电、深加工等方面的节能利用技术。     

Revealing photon transmission in an ultraviolet reactor: Advanced approaches for measuring fluence rate distribution in water for model validation

Fluence rate (FR) distribution (optical field) is of great significance in the optimal design of ultraviolet (UV) reactors for disinfection or oxidation processes in water treatment. Since the 1970s, various simulation models have been developed, which can be combined with computational fluidic dynamic software to calculate the fluence delivered in a UV reactor. These models strive for experimental validation and further improvement, which is a major challenge for UV technology in water treatment. Herein, a review of the simulation models of the FR distribution in a UV reactor and the applications of the current main experimental measurement approaches including conventional flat-type UV detector, spherical actinometer, and micro-fluorescent silica detector (MFSD), is presented. Moreover, FR distributions in a UV reactor are compared between various simulation models and MFSD measurements. In addition, the main influential factors on the FR distribution, including inner-wall reflection, refraction and shadowing effects of adjacent lamps, and turbidity effect are discussed, which is helpful for improving the accuracy of the simulation models and avoiding dark regions in the reactor design. This paper provides an overview on the simulation models and measurement approaches for the FR distribution, which is helpful for the model selection in fluence calculations and gives high confidence on the optimal design of UV reactors in regard to present methods.     

加强环境监测的全过程质量管理

质量管理是环境监测赖以生存和发展的基础,目前,环境监测质管工作中“重结果、轻过程”的问题仍然普遍存在,加强全过程质量管理才能确保监测数据的准确性和可靠性,为实现环境资源的可持续利用提供强有力的技术支撑。文章叙述了环境监测质量管理的发展概况,引出全过程质量管理的概念,提出从提高全员质量意识、建立健全质量管理体系、实施全过程的质量保证、加大质控工作力度等几方面加强环境监测的全过程质量管理,从而提升环境监测机构整体质量管理水平。     

浅谈龙江县人为水土流失的防治对策

本文分析了龙江县水土流失的成因及危害,并提出了机关的防治对策,对今后的水土保养、合理开发有一定的借鉴作用.     

引水工程前后西湖流场的数值模拟研究

采用Delft 3D水动力学计算模型,对西湖西进工程前后的流场进行了模拟,计算结果与实测资料较为吻合,模型真实可靠.各种工况下的流场模拟结果表明在不考虑风场的情况下,各进出水口的流量和位置决定了西湖的流场结构,而流场结构决定了水体的推移扩散规律.总体上,南湖水体推移扩散效果最好,西里湖、外湖和岳湖次之,北里湖最差,基本不能被置换.西湖水体的置换效果主要取决于可被置换区域的面积和引水量,而可被置换区域大小主要取决于流场结构.因此,在引水量不变的前提下,优化西湖水体置换效果的根本途径就是调整进出水口位置和流量大小,以改变流场结构.     

风景区中影视拍摄的环境规制研究

影视剧组在风景区的拍摄活动,往往造成风景区的环境破坏。文章首先对风景区中影视拍摄所造成的破坏类型进行分析,然后从相关责任主体方面探讨造成该问题的原因,最后根据环境规制发展的趋势,提出风景区中影视拍摄的规制对策：政府部门的强制性规制和影视剧组的自愿性规制两者相结合。     

pH和盐度对海河干流表层沉积物吸附解吸磷(P)的影响

采用等温吸附解吸方法,研究大范围pH（2~12）和盐度（2‰~32‰）对海河表层沉积物吸附解吸磷的影响,并与分级提取技术得到的海河沉积物中磷形态分布相结合,进一步探讨磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移转化机理.结果表明,钙磷（Ca-P）和难溶态磷（Re-P）为海河表层沉积物磷的主要形态.沉积物对磷的吸附符合修正的Langmuir吸附等温线(R2>0.90).海河沉积物（8个典型断面）对磷的理论吸附量较大,说明在今后上覆水含磷浓度较高的情况下,沉积物仍能吸附大量的磷污染物.在海河水磷污染较轻的情况下,沉积物中的磷将释放并导致水体发生富营养化.pH对磷的吸附影响呈“U”型,且随着pH增大,磷的解吸量也增大,这是由于OH-交换能力的增强所致;盐度增大,沉积物对磷的吸附总体呈下降趋势,但在10‰~15‰之间有反复,并且随着盐度增大,磷的解吸量也下降.     

Enantioselective separation and zebrafish embryo toxicity of insecticide beta-cypermethrin

Enantioselectivity of chiral pollutants is receiving growing concern due to the difference in toxicology and environment fate between enantiomers.In this study,enantiomers of insecticide beta-cypermethrin (beta-CP) were separated on selected chiral column by HPLC,and the toxicity of enantiomers was evaluated using the zebrafish embryo-larval assays.The enantiomers of beta-CP were baseline separated on Chiralcel OD and Chiralpak AD columns and detected by circular dichroism (CD) at 236 nm.Better separation could be achieved at lower temperature (e.g.,20°C) and with lower levels of polar modifiers.Pure enantiomers were obtained on Chiralcel OD.The CD spectra of enantiomers were recorded.By comparing the elution order with a previous similar study,the absolute configuration of beta-CP enantiomers was determined.The individual enantiomers were used in zebrafish embryo test,and the results showed that beta-CP enantioselectively induced yolk sac edema,pericardial edema and crooked body.The 1R-cis-αS and 1R-trans-αS enantiomers showed strong developmental toxicities at concentration of 0.1 mg/L,while the 1S-cis-αR and 1S-trans-αR induced no malformations at higher concentration (e.g.,0.3 mg/L).The results suggest that the enantioselective toxicological effects of beta-CP should be considered when evaluating its ecotoxicological effects.     

鼎鑫煤化有限公司焦化废水处理工程实践

介绍了河北涉县鼎鑫煤化有限公司的焦化废水处理工程,详细论述了该工程所采用的"隔油+气浮+生化处理+脱色混凝"处理工艺,分析了DO、pH及温度等因素对运行效果的影响,并对该工程运行后的综合效益进行了分析.运行结果显示:系统出水的COD、SS、NH3-N、挥发酚、氰化物、硫化物、石油类质量浓度分别为140,100,20,0...