雨水管网混接入渗诊断技术研究进展

雨水管网是缓解城市内涝、改善水环境质量的重要市政基础设施,受管材老化腐蚀和施工过程不当等影响,我国城市雨水管网建成后普遍存在地下水入渗和污水混接问题,制约着雨水管网功能高效发挥。排水管网入流入渗诊断技术可为雨水管网混接入渗问题的识别和定位提供支持。综述了排水管网入流入渗诊断技术（物探检测技术、流量分析技术、特征因子分析技术、水动力反演模型技术）的基本原理、研究进展、应用特征等,对比分析了不同技术应用于雨水管网混接入渗诊断的适用性、实施要点、诊断水平和发展阶段等,并提出未来雨水管网混接入渗诊断技术的发展方向。结果表明：1）特征因子分析技术可在不干扰雨水管网正常运行条件下识别和量化混接入渗问题、提供治理优先级,因此经济和环境效益显著;2）光纤分布式测温（FDTS）技术和水动力模型反演技术在无干扰定位雨水管网混接入渗方面优势显著,前者易于实施且定位精准度高,后者具有成本低且可评级混接入渗等级特点,可根据场景特征因地制宜选用;3）未来雨水管网混接入渗诊断技术将朝着低成本、无干扰、可量化、可定位的方向发展。通过评估不同技术在当前和未来的综合应用效果,明确了单一诊断技术难以具备未来预期特征,而特征因子分析技术耦合FDTS技术或水动力模型反演技术的分级诊断体系具有实现未来技术发展目标的优势潜力。研究可为雨水管网混接入渗诊断技术的科学应用和优化创新提供参考。

     

Potential applications of porous organic polymers as adsorbent for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with high toxicity and carcinogenicity are emitted from kinds of industries, which endanger human health and the environment. Adsorption is a promising method for the treatment of VOCs due to its low cost and high efficiency. In recent years, activated carbons, zeolites, and mesoporous materials are widely used to remove VOCs because of their high specific surface area and abundant porosity. However, the hydrophilic nature and low desorption rate of those materials limit their commercial application. Furthermore, the adsorption capacities of VOCs still need to be improved. Porous organic polymers (POPs) with extremely high porosity, structural diversity, and hydrophobic have been considered as one of the most promising candidates for VOCs adsorption. This review generalized the superiority of POPs for VOCs adsorption compared to other porous materials and summarized the studies of VOCs adsorption on different types of POPs. Moreover, the mechanism of competitive adsorption between water and VOCs on the POPs was discussed. Finally, a concise outlook for utilizing POPs for VOCs adsorption was discussed, noting areas in which further work is needed to develop the next-generation POPs for practical applications.     

A metal-OH group modification strategy to prepare highly-hydrophobic MIL-53-Al for efficient acetone capture under humid conditions

A series of highly-hydrophobic MIL-53-Al (MIL = Materials of Institut Lavoisier) frameworks synthesized via decoration of the Al-OH groups by alkyl phosphonic acid were developed as adsorbents for removing acetone from humid gas streams. The newly prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Their adsorption behaviors toward acetone vapor under dry and wet conditions were studied subsequently. Results showed that alkyl phosphonic acid was successfully grafted into MIL-53-Al skeleton through coordinating interaction with Al³⁺ generating [email protected]_x (x = 12, 14, 18). The [email protected]_x exhibited similar crystal structure and thermal stability to parent MIL-53-Al. Furthermore, the modified materials showed significantly enhanced hydrophobicity. The water vapor uptake of [email protected]₁₄ decreased by 72.55% at 75% relative humidity (RH). Dynamic adsorption experiments demonstrated that water vapor had almost no effect on the acetone adsorption performance of [email protected]₁₄. Under the condition of 90% RH, the acetone adsorption capacity of [email protected]₁₄ was 102.98% higher than that of MIL-53-Al. Notably, [email protected]₁₄ presented excellent adsorption reversibility and regeneration performance in 10 adsorption-desorption cycles. Taken together, the strategy of metal-OH group modification is an attractive way to improve the acetone adsorption performance over metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) under humid conditions. Besides, [email protected]₁₄ would be deemed as a promising candidate for capturing acetone in high moisture environment.     

Nitrogen evolution during the co-combustion of hydrothermally treated municipal solid waste and coal in a bubbling fluidized bed

Nitrogen evolution was studied during the co-combustion of hydrothermally treated municipal solid wastes (HT MSW) and coal in a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB). HT MSW blending ratios as 10%, 20% and 30% (wt.%) were selected and tested at 700, 800, 900 °C. Emissions of NO and N₂O from blends were measured and compared with the results of mono-combustion trials. Moreover, concentrations of precursors like NH₃ and HCN were also quantified. The results are summarized as follows: NO emissions were predominant in all the cases, which rose with increasing temperature. The blending of HT MSW contributed to the NO reduction. N₂O emissions decreased with temperature rising and the blending of HT MSW also presented positive effects. At 30% HT MSW addition, both NO and N₂O emissions showed the lowest values (391.85 ppm and 55.33 ppm, respectively at 900 °C). For the precursors, more HCN was detected than NH₃ and both played important roles on the gas side nitrogen evolution.     

化工事故应急救援仿真演练系统的实施探讨

阐述了化工事故应急救援仿真的必要性及其国内外研究进展;提出整个系统的框架并设计系统开发过程的模型;分析了基于高层体系结构(HIA)的仿真系统的开发要点,给出参考开发工具,从而为整个系统开发提供思路.     

苯胺降解菌的分离和降解特性研究

通过驯化富集培养,从白洋淀底泥中分离筛选出数株能够有效降解苯胺的菌株,经过反复筛选,得到一株能够以苯胺为唯一碳源、高效降解苯胺的菌株BA-1-3.其利用苯胺的最适pH值为7.0,最适温度为30℃,在苯胺浓度为1000 mg/L,180 r/min条件下振荡培养60 h,降解率达到80%以上.经鉴定,菌株BA-1-3属苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrumsp.).     

ERT技术在无机酸污染场地调查中的应用

利用高密度电阻率法对硫酸废液污染的场地进行污染调查,由于硫酸废液侵入土壤,使其介质的溶质浓度发生了改变,导致SO₄2-与地表潜水作用,电传导性提高,被污染土壤含盐量增加,但是电阻率降低与未被硫酸废液侵入的土层形成了一定的电性差异. 通过二维和三维电阻率层析成像(ERT)技术,圈定硫酸废液侵入土壤中的分布范围、侵蚀深度以及扩散羽流等,并对ERT结果进行土工试验异常验证. 结果表明:硫酸废液污染土壤的视电阻率小于6.0 Ω·m,污染区域长度达25.0 m,深度约4.0 m;地表土污染长度为12.0 m,表面宽度约4.0 m,污染土壤的总体积约为222.0 m3.      

膜生物反应器工艺处理高浓度前处理印染废水研究

膜生物反应器技术是一种新型的膜分离技术与生物处理技术相结合的污水处理技术。试验采用一体式膜生物反应器处理印染废水前处理废水(印染工艺中的退浆、煮炼、漂白、丝光废水)。试验选择外压式聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维微滤膜,膜孔径为0.4μm,壁厚为100μm,稳定状态产水量为10L/(h·m2)。试验研究了沉淀池、膜生物反应器(MBR)、膜组件对废水COD、SS、色度、氨氮等的去除效果;试验探讨了污泥负荷、温度、溶解氧等因素对去除效果的影响。由于盐度高,原水直接进水,好氧生物反应器处理效果不佳,试验采用1:1稀释进水。在系统稳定运行期间废水COD去除率≥70%,出水SS为0,出水无异味。文章还得出了试验的最佳操作参数为T=25℃;HRT=18h;DO=3mg/L;pH:7.5～8.5;MLSS=8g/L。     

The win-win pathway of economic growth and CO2 emission reduction: a case study for China

ABSTRACT

Continuously reducing the CO₂ intensity of GDP is the core strategy for developing countries to realize the dual targets of economic growth and CO₂ emissions reduction. The measures are twofold: one is to strengthen energy saving and decrease energy intensity of GDP and the other is to promote energy structural decarbonization and reduce CO₂ intensity of energy consumption. In order to control global temperature rise no more than 2°C, the decrease in CO₂ intensity of GDP needs surpass 4% before 2030, but it could be merely about 2% based on the current trend. Therefore, all countries ought to speed up the low-carbon transition in energy and economy. As for China, keeping a continuous decline in CO₂ intensity of GDP of 4%–5% will ensure the realization of the NDC objectives, and also promotes the early peaking of CO₂ emissions before 2030. China will play a positive leading role in realizing a win-win low-carbon development coordinating sustainable development and climate change mitigation.     

Multi-factors influencing the spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils surrounding drinking water protection zone

We selected the Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China as a case where an industrial area locates on the upwind corner to study the influence of human activities and natural processes on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. Soil PAH concentrations in the study area follow a log-normal probability distribution function, suggesting that distribution of PAH in soils was affected by human activities. Distribution of PAHs in soils was significantly affected by the point source that high PAH concentrations were observed in near industrial area with an obvious declining trend from the northwest to the southeast which was the prevailing wind direction in this area. Away from the influence of point source, distribution of PAHs in soils was found to significantly correlate with total organic carbon content, while the influences of agricultural land uses and type of soil texture on the total soil PAHs contents and ring compositions were quite limited. The results can provide some evidences and data on the pollutant accumulation in drink water protection area influenced by natural processes and human activities.