以废气为热源生产二水氯化钙的新工艺

针对在氯化法生产钛白粉的过程中产生的大量高热值废气和氯化钙废水,提出以废气为热源生产二水氯化钙的新工艺。以焚烧的方式处理氯化尾气,将产生的热量用于浓缩蒸发氯化钙废水,生产工业级二水氯化钙产品,达到以废治废的目的。不仅处理了工业废气和废水,在节约能源的同时创造了一定的经济效益。     

不同石化污泥配比的堆肥处理对青梗菜生长的影响

试验针对石化污泥生物堆肥,开展了五种不同物料配比和是否添加微生物菌剂的对比试验。试验结果表明:随着堆肥物料中石化污泥配比的提高,堆肥的含水率增大,种植青梗菜的平均单株株高、株重减小,单位面积产量也降低。堆肥物料配比相同的处理Ⅱ与处理Ⅴ对比发现,堆肥处理过程中未添加微生物菌剂的处理Ⅴ的青梗菜的平均单株株高、株重、单位面积产量显著低于添加微生物菌剂的处理Ⅱ,甚至低于石化污泥配比为100%并添加微生物菌剂的处理Ⅳ,试验表明,堆肥过程中添加微生物菌剂,其作用不仅可以提高石化污泥生物堆肥的堆体温度,缩短堆肥周期,而且可提高堆肥在农业种植应用中的效果。     

Competitive sorption between 17α-ethinyl estradiol and bisphenol A/4-n-nonylphenol by soils

The sorption of 17α-ethinyl estradiol(EE2),bisphenol A(BPA),and 4-n-nonylphenol(NP) in single systems and the sorption of EE2 with different initial aqueous concentrations of BPA or NP were examined using three soils.Results showed that all sorption isotherms were nonlinear and fit the Freundlich model.The degree of nonlinearity was in the order BPA(0.537-0.686) > EE2(0.705-0.858) > NP(0.875-0.0.951) in single systems.The isotherm linearity index of EE2 sorption calculated by the Freundlich model for Loam,Silt Loam and Silt increased from 0.758,0.705 and 0.858,to 0.889,0.910 and 0.969,respectively,when BPA concentration increased from 0 to 1000 μg/L,but the effect of NP was comparably minimal.Additionally,EE2 significantly suppressed the sorption of BPA,but insignificantly suppressed that of NP.These findings can be attributed to the difference of sorption affinity of EE2,NP and BPA on the hard carbon(e.g.,black carbon) of soil organic matter that dominated the sorption in the low equilibrium aqueous concentration range of endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs).Competitive sorption among EDCs presents new challenges for predicting the transport and fate of EDCs under the influence of co-solutes.     

Photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran in TiO2 aqueous solution：Kinetics using design of experiments and mechanism by HPLC/MS/MS

The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of carbofuran was optimized by central composite design based on response surface methodology for the first time. Three variables, TiO2 concentration, initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran, were selected to determine the dependence of degradation efficiencies on independent variables. Response surface methodology modeling results indicated that the degradation efficiency of carbofuran was highly affected by the initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran. Then nine degradation intermediates were detected by HPLC/MS/MS. The Frontier Electron Densities of carbofuran were calculated to predict the active sites on carbofuran attacked by hydroxyl radicals and photoholes. Point charges were used to elucidate the chemisorption pattern on TiO2 catalysts during the photocatalytic process. By combining the experimental results and calculation data, the photocatalytic degradation pathways of carbofuran were proposed, including the addition of hydroxyl radicals and the cleavage of the carbamate side chain.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

半干法烟气脱硫灰改性及应用

文章主要对半干法脱硫灰中亚硫酸钙的氧化转化进行研究。半干法脱硫灰中亚硫酸钙对建材质量具有一定影响,通过筛选合适的催化-氧化剂体系对其进行了氧化改性。试验得到了一种复合催化剂,成功用于半干法脱硫灰改性。结合蒸压砖的生产工艺,使亚硫酸钙在生产过程中实现了部分转化,生产的蒸压砖能达到JC239-2001《粉煤灰砖》MU10强度等级。     

溶解氧变化对底泥酶活性及微生物多样性的影响

采用室内静态实验考察了溶解氧变化对底泥酶活性影响,同时采用BIOLOG ECO微平板构造了不同溶解氧水平下底泥微生物多样性指数。结果表明:高溶解氧条件下,底泥多酚氧化酶及过氧化物酶活性显著高于缺氧条件及厌氧条件(P<0.01),脱氢酶活性高于背景值;厌氧条件下脱氢酶、脲酶及碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于高溶解氧组、缺氧组及背景值(P<0.05);缺氧条件下硝酸盐还原酶活性显著高于高溶解氧组及厌氧组(P<0.05);蛋白酶活性受溶解氧水平变化的影响较小。BIOLOG ECO微平板法分析表明,溶解氧变化对底泥微生物多样性有不同程度的负面影响,微生物多样性的降低程度从大到小依次为高溶解氧组>厌氧组>缺氧组。主成分分析结果表明:缺氧条件及厌氧条件下,底泥微生物对大分子有机物的利用出现不同程度的降低,相对地,高溶解氧条件下微生物对大分子有机物的利用程度呈现先下降后上升的趋势;高溶解氧组及缺氧组底泥微生物对碳水化合物利用程度升高,厌氧组对碳水化合物利用程度降低。总之,高溶解氧条件更有利于形成底泥有机物完整的代谢循环,提高大分子有机物的利用程度。     

不同类型湖泊沉积物中氮释放规律研究

通过对武汉市东湖子湖郭郑湖、庙湖以及南湖这3个不同类型的湖泊进行释氮模拟实验,结果表明:(1)在厌氧条件下,不同污染程度的湖泊中沉积物释氮作用均比较明显。为了抑制沉积物向上覆水释氮,控制湖泊富营养化,保持湖泊较高的溶解氧水平是必要的。(2)在厌氧条件下,高温对不同类型湖泊总氮和氨氮的释放均能起到促进作用。(3)沉积物与上覆水间污染物的浓度梯度越大,总氮和氨氮的释放速率与释氮量也越大,此时温度的影响不明显。(4)通过比较3类湖泊沉积物上覆水中总氮和氨氮两者的释放浓度可知,氨氮的释放贡献十分显著,因此控制氨氮的释放量对于控制湖泊氮释放量具有显著效果。     

环境风险评价综述及案例讨论

环境风险评价是目前我国环境保护工作发展的必然结果,是进行环境管理的重要依据。文章对环境风险评价的概念及分类、国内外研究进展、程序内容及技术方法进行了综述。文章根据《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》要求,结合湖北某制药建设项目,从风险识别、风险预测及评价、风险事故防范措施等方面论述了项目环境风险评价的基本概念及一般程序。分析了目前环境风险评价存在的问题,并据此初步提出今后环境风险评价的发展方向和建议。     

污水处理厂污泥细菌总数和粪大肠菌群的检测

分别采用《城市污水处理厂污泥检验方法》（CJ／T221—2005）中平皿计数法和多管发酵法检测分析呼和浩特市周边7个城镇污水处理厂、2个制药企业以及2个乳制品企业污泥中的细菌总教和粪大肠菌群茵值。结果显示：供试样品的细菌总数为1．0×10^6～1．3×10^8个／g,其中细菌含量最高的是乳制品企业l污泥样品,最低的是污水处理厂4污泥样品。粪大肠菌群菌值为2．0×10^5-5．4×10^8个／g,其中粪大肠茵群菌值最高的是污水处理厂2和污水处理厂5污泥样品,最低的是污水处理厂4和制药企业1污泥样品,乳制品企业污泥样品的粪大肠菌群茵值居中。