哈尔滨市区区域环境噪声分析

随着人们环境保护意识的增强和对环境质量要求的提高,声环境质量已成为影响城市人民生活的一个重要污染指标,城市的不断发展,使噪声污染越来越成为人们日益关注的环境问题之一。采用定点测量方法和噪声分析仪进行监测,对哈尔滨市区区域环境噪声的监测结果进行了分析,监测结果表明:生活在低分贝值区域的人口逐渐增多,哈尔滨市环境状况有所好转。     

餐厨垃圾综合资源化处理技术实例研究

在目前餐厨垃圾处理现状基础上,介绍了一种餐厨垃圾处理工艺,采用机械生物处理技术,包括收运系统、粉碎分选预处理、厌氧发酵生物处理、沼气热电联供、有机堆肥、废水处理、除臭系统多个环节,分离出油脂进行回收,垃圾厌氧发酵产生沼气发电,沼渣进行堆肥,以期实现餐厨垃圾减量化、无害化、资源化,解决"垃圾猪"、"地沟油"问题。     

Photodegradation of amoxicillin by catalyzed Fe3+/H2O2 process

Three oxidation processes of UV-Fe³⁺(EDTA)/H₂O₂ (UV: ultraviolet light; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), UV-Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ and Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ were simultaneously investigated for the degradation of amoxicillin at pH 7.0. The results indicated that, 100% amoxicillin degradation and 81.9% chemical oxygen demand (COD_Cr) removal could be achieved in the UV-Fe³⁺ (EDTA)/H₂O₂ process. The treatment efficiency of amoxicillin and COD_Cr removal were found to decrease to 59.0% and 43.0% in the UV-Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ process; 39.6% and 31.3% in the Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ process. Moreover, the results of biodegradability (biological oxygen demand (BOD₅)/COD_Cr ratio) revealed that the UV-Fe³⁺ (EDTA)/H₂O₂ process was a promising strategy to degrade amoxicillin as the biodegradability of the effluent was improved to 0.45, compared with the cases of UV-Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ (0.25) and Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ (0.10) processes. Therefore, it could be deduced that EDTA and UV light performed synergetic catalytic effect on the Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ process, enhancing the treatment efficiency. The degradation mechanisms were also investigated via UV-Vis spectra, and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectra. The degradation pathway of amoxicillin was further proposed.     

Risk assessment of Giardia in rivers of southern China based on continuous monitoring

The occurrence and risks of Giardia in China have been unclear to date, which has made it difficult to properly manage source water as well as to create reasonable drinking water standards. The levels of Giardia in river networks of several cities in Zhejiang Province, China were found to be in the range of 0-5 oocysts/10 L in the rainy season in 2008. The mortality due to Giardia infection for people in this region was calculated to be from 0 to 1.95 × 10^-8 persons using a conditional probability equation. Based on multiple unboiled water intake routes, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to Giardia infection for people who consumed conventionally treated water was 0.625 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons, with the symptom of hospitalization making the highest contribution to total DALYs (0.56 per 10⁵ persons; 95% CI: 0.122-1.84). The DALYs decreased to 0.425 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons per year for those consuming water treated with advanced technology. These values were lower than the acceptable risk (1.97 × 10^-5 DALYs per year). This study revealed the risk of Giardia infection to the people in river networks of Zhejiang Province for the first time, and provides a method to evaluate the risk of Giardia infection. The results are useful for the modification of drinking water quality standards based on cost-benefit analysis.     

Heavy metal phytoextraction by Sedum alfredii is affected by continual clipping and phosphorus fertilization amendment

Improving the efficacy of phytoextraction is critical for its successful application in metal contaminated soils. Mineral nutrition affects plant growth and metal absorption and subsequently the accumulation of heavy metal through hyper-accumulator plants. This study assessed the effects of di-hydrogen phosphates (KH₂PO₄, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, NaH₂PO₄ and NH₄H₂PO₄) application at three levels (22, 88 and 352 mg P/kg soil) on Sedum alfredii growth and metal uptake by three consecutive harvests on aged and Zn/Cd combined contaminated paddy soil. The addition of phosphates (P) significantly increased the amount of Zn taken up by S. alfredii due to increased shoot Zn concentration and dry matter yield (DMY) (P<0.05). The highest phytoextraction of Zn and Cd was observed in KH₂PO₄ and NH₄H₂PO₄ treatment at 352 mg P/kg soil. The amount of Zn removed by phytoextraction increased in the order of 1st clipping<2nd clipping<3rd clipping, and for Cd extraction the order was 2nd clipping<1st clipping<3rd clipping. These results indicate that the application of P fertilizers coupled with multiple cuttings can enhance the removal of Zn and Cd from contaminated soils by S. alfredii, thus shortening the time needed for accomplishing remediation goals.     

停留时间对滴滴涕农药热处理特性的影响研究

利用高温管式炉研究停留时间对滴滴涕农药热处理特性的影响。结果表明,600℃时ηDDT在15 min内迅速增长,在15 min后稳定在85%上下;900℃时,当停留时间≥15 min,ηDDT≥99%;1 200℃时,各时段的ηDDT≥99.9%。在滴滴涕农药残渣中,DDTs在600℃和900℃时的配比随停留时间的增加变化甚微,在1 200℃时,p,p’-DDD、DDT和o,p’-DDT分别占DDTs总量的比例随时间增加明显降低,p,p’-DDE则大幅增加。在尾气中,DDTs在600℃时的配比随停留时间的增加无明显变化,DDT为主要尾气残留物质,900℃时DDTs在尾气中配比变化混乱,1 200℃时,p,p’-DDE的比例随停留时间的增长迅速增加,并成为尾气中的主要DDTs残留物质。     

海军航空装备保障统筹图绘制系统的设计与实现

目的研制开发"海军航空装备保障统筹图绘制系统",实现海军航空装备保障管理智能化,有效利用保障资源,提高保障工作效率。方法采用C/S和B/S模式相结合,前台以NevronNETVision为系统开发平台,后台数据管理采用大型关系型数据库SQLServe,通过网络计划技术和AOE网分析技术,实现图形绘制和确定关键路线。结果通过导入Excel工作薄,实现统筹图、甘特图、资源载荷图的自动生成,提供可视化的图形编辑和统筹图的规范性检查,能进行关键路径、时间参数计算和人员负荷分析。结论 "海军航空装备保障统筹图绘制系统"智能、高效,为海军航空装备保障管理智能化提供了技术支持。     

南昌市秋季大气PM2.5中金属元素富集特征及来源分析

采集2013年秋季南昌市6个不同区域的大气PM_(2.5)样品,分析PM_(2.5)质量浓度及其中18种金属元素(Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Ba、Co、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Hg)的富集特征,并用多元统计分析法探讨了PM_(2.5)中上述元素主要来源.结果表明,南昌市秋季大气PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度满足《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)二级标准限值(≤75μg·m~(-3)).Mn、Ti、Al和V的富集因子小于1.0,表明这些元素基本没有富集;Fe、Cr、Co、K、Mg、Ba、Ca、Cu和As的富集因子范围为1.7~7.8,表明这些元素受到自然源和人为源的共同影响;Hg、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cd的富集因子范围为21.9~481.2,表明这些元素受到明显的人为污染.综合相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明:PM_(2.5)中Mg、K、Al、Ca、Ti主要来源于土壤及建筑尘;As、Hg主要来自燃煤;Ba、Ni、Mn主要来自金属冶炼排放;V、Cu、Fe、Cd、Pb、Cr、Co主要来自交通源;Zn主要受金属冶炼和燃煤的影响.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯诱导小鼠神经行为学改变及相关生理生化指标分析

探究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯诱导小鼠神经行为学改变及与细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK1/2)通路相关蛋白的关联.雄性KM小鼠36只,随机分成4组:生理盐水组、50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) DBP组、50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)维生素E(VE)组、DBP+VE组,连续灌胃处理28 d,观察Morris水迷宫结果,检测小鼠脑海马组织的氧化应激(活性氧(ROS)荧光强度、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)与丙二醛(MDA)含量)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、磷酸化cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(p-CREB)、caspase-3水平,Western blot分析ERK1/2及其磷酸化(p-ERK1/2)水平;HE、Nissl染色及Hoechst 33258荧光染色分析脑组织CA1区病理学变化.结果表明,与对照组比较,50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) DBP组小鼠的学习记忆下降,氧化应激、p-ERK1/2、caspase-3水平上升,BDNF、p-CREB表达下降,差异均有统计学意义(p0.05,p0.01);海马组织CA1病理学损伤及凋亡程度增加.给予抗氧化剂VE处理后,DBP+VE组小鼠的学习记忆上升,氧化应激、p-ERK1/2、caspase-3水平降低,BDNF、p-CREB表达上升,差异均有统计学意义(p0.05);海马组织CA1病理学损伤及凋亡程度降低.由此推测,DBP暴露导致小鼠海马组织CA1病理学损伤、神经元凋亡程度增加、学习记忆下降、其神经行为学改变可以通过添加VE得到缓解,相关生理生化指标测试表明ERK系统应激氧化性损伤机制参与介导了毒理学过程.     

污泥臭氧原位减量工艺中四环素及大环内酯类抗生素的去除

建立了一套中试规模的污泥臭氧原位减量(SOR)系统,通过长期(111 d)运行考察了其对四环素、土霉素、强力霉素和阿奇霉素的去除效果.结果表明,SOR工艺可以实现剩余污泥零排放,化学需氧量和氮的去除性能与常规厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A/A/O)工艺接近,但除磷性能有所下降.SOR工艺出水中目标抗生素浓度与常规A/A/O工艺无明显差别,而污泥中目标抗生素含量明显低于常规A/A/O工艺.质量衡算表明,目标抗生素在A/A/O及SOR工艺中的输入输出均渐趋平衡;SOR工艺进水中91.2%～98.1%的目标抗生素被臭氧降解,而常规A/A/O工艺进水中82.3%～91.2%的目标抗生素随剩余污泥排放.因此,SOR工艺可以同步削减污水处理厂中剩余污泥及抗生素向环境中的排放.