溶气气浮过程动力学模型的分形观

凝聚/絮凝过程中形成的絮体通常具有分形几何结构,导致絮体的密度、渗透性发生了变化,从而对于固液分离过程(沉淀、气浮和过滤)带来很大的影响。本文基于前人对于絮体分形的研究成果,建立了絮体与微气泡之间接触碰撞的动力学方程、絮体/微气泡聚集体在水中上升的分形速率方程。絮体与微气泡间的相对尺度和流态的不同会有不同的碰撞机制,相应的动力学方程式与絮体的分形维数也有不同的关系。     

江苏油田原水油珠粒径分布测定

测定了江苏油田黄珏污水站原水中油珠粒径分布,为合理选择和设计污水处理工艺与装置提供了必要的基础数据。实验测定江苏油田黄珏污水站原水含油量为62.3 mg/L。该站的三相分离器具有较好的油水分离能力。原水中浮油(粒径≥99.4μm)占8.3%,粒径≥28.4μm的分散油占14.3%,而粒径≤28.4μm的分散油、浮化油等约占77.4%。单纯采用重力沉降法可除去原水中22.6%的含油量。同时对油珠粒径分布测定方法进行了改进。新方法减少了水样含油量的测定工作量,且设备简单、操作方便。     

典型杀虫剂类内分泌干扰物对水生溞类的毒性效应研究进展

内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs),尤其是具有内分泌干扰效应的杀虫剂,因能显著影响水生生物的生长发育和生殖系统,其潜在生态毒性效应引起了人们的广泛关注。溞类在水生生态系统食物链中起着重要的连接作用,更易受到水体中残留的杀虫剂类EDCs的影响,其毒性效应在水生生态系统毒理学研究中有着重要的意义。本文重点综述了杀虫剂类EDCs对溞类产生的生长发育毒性和生殖毒性,从酶活性变化角度分析由此产生的氧化应激和神经毒性,并在基因表达水平上揭示其毒性作用机制,发现杀虫剂类EDCs通过扰乱神经系统和内分泌系统发挥作用,并展望了杀虫剂EDCs在联合毒性、多代效应的研究前景,旨在为研究杀虫剂类EDCs对大型溞的毒性作用和生态环境风险评估提供依据。     

金刚石膜电极对有机污染物的电催化特性

研究了化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备得到的掺硼金刚石膜电极的物理性质和电化学性能.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)法表征了金刚石膜的表面微观结构,采用循环伏安法和交流阻抗法研究了电极的电化学性质.结果表明,金刚石薄膜表面形态为复晶结构,颗粒大小均匀,掺硼后使电极具有良好的导电性能.金刚石膜电极具有很宽的电势窗口,在酸性、中性和碱性3种介质中分别为4.3V、4.0V和3.0V.同时,金刚石膜电极的背景电流非常低,为-9×10^-6～5×10^-7A.在铁氰化钾电解液中,金刚石膜电极表面在反应过程中始终保持良好的活性,在表面进行的电化学反应具有良好的准可逆性,其电极动力学主要是受扩散过程所控制.金刚石膜电极对有机污染物的催化氧化作用具有选择性.与铂电极和石墨电极相比,金刚石膜电极对苯酚、硝基苯等芳香化合物的催化氧化强烈,氧化过程较为简单、彻底.这些性质表明金刚石膜电极是一种非常适用于环保处理的新型电极.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

Microbial response to CaCO3 application in an acid soil in southern China

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) application is widely used to ameliorate soil acidification. To counteract soil and bacterial community response to CaCO₃ application in an acidic paddy soil in southern China, a field experiment was conducted with four different dosages of CaCO₃ addition, 0, 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha, respectively. After one seasonal growth of rice, soil physicochemical properties, soil respiration and bacterial communities were investigated. Results showed that soil pH increased accordingly with increasing dose of CaCO₃ addition, and 7.5?tons/ha addition increased soil pH to neutral condition. Moderate dose of CaCO₃ application (4.5?tons/ha) significantly increased soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content, enhanced soil respiration, while the excessive CaCO₃ application (7.5?tons/ha) decreased these soil properties. High-throughput sequencing results illustrated that moderate dose of CaCO₃ application increased the richness and alpha diversity of soil bacterial community. Compared with control, the relative abundance of Anaerolineaceae family belonging to Chloroflexi phylum increased by 38.7%, 35.4% and 24.5% under 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha treatments, respectively. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil pH was the most important factor shaping soil bacterial community. The results of this study suggest that proper dose of CaCO₃ additions to acid paddy soil in southern China could have positive effects on soil properties and bacterial community.     

太原市城市化发展对城市气温变化影响的定量化研究

采用位于同一纬度的太原气象站与远郊区农村气象站获取的1957年-2014年的气象数据,用皮尔卡森相关系数、一元线性回归、城市化影响分析等方法研究了在全球气候变暖背景下城市地区气温变化趋势以及城市化影响.结果表明:城市年平均气温升高趋势明显高于农村;城市年极端高温与农村极端高温升高趋势差异不明显;城市年极端低温升高趋势显著高于农村.就城市化影响而言,城市化对年平均气温、年极端低温趋势影响明显,但对年极端高温趋势影响微弱.     

厦门石兜-坂头水库水体营养状态综合评价及变化趋势分析

以水质监测资料为基础,采用综合营养状态指数法（TLI法）和线性插值评分法（SCO法）2种模式,相互印证并综合评价2008．5—2011．6厦门石兜-坂头水库库区水体营养状态。应用Daniel的趋势检验,对评价时段内水库水体营养状态和水质参数（总氮、总磷以及氮磷浓度比）变化趋势进行分析。结果表明：2008年5月-2011年6月期间,石兜-坂头水库水体营养状态为中营养至轻-中度富营养;在此评价期内,总磷、总氮、氮磷比值趋势变化不显著;水体营养状态变化趋势也没有显著意义,始终在中营养至（轻-中度）富营养状态区间波动。水库周边环境及水质的监管措施能否及时到位是影响库区水体营养状态变化的关键。     

低温下氨氮对淡水浮游藻生长及群落结构影响的生态模拟研究

为了探讨春季藻类快速生长的机制,研究较低温度下氨氮对淡水浮游藻类生长及群落结构变化的影响,对南开大学新开湖水体藻类进行了室内生态模拟试验研究.在10℃、125μmol·m·s-1光强条件下,培养液中氨氮最终浓度设置为1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0mg·L-1和对照组(不添加氨氮),每隔1～2天加入氨氮至初始设定值,培养时间为26d.结果表明,浮游藻类在1.0mg·L-1组生长最好,最大生长密度为1.53×105cells·L-1,高于对照组;浮游藻类在高于2.0mg·L-1处理组中生长明显受到抑制,抑制作用随着氨氮浓度的增大而增大,其中3.0mg·L-1处理组的最大生物量仅为5.4×104cells·L-1.随着培养时间的进行硅藻逐渐取代绿藻而成为绝对优势藻,随着藻类的生长,粗刺四刺藻(Treubaria crassispina)在所有处理组中由优势种而逐渐消失,近缘针杆藻(Saffinis affinis)和新月藻(Closterium lunula)在培养后期逐渐成为优势种,但在不同氨氮浓度下表现出不同生长密度.除1.0mg·L-1处理组外,其它处理组中的物种多样性指数差异不显著(p>0.05).氨氮影响浮游藻类的生长,影响优势种的变化,并且对浮游藻类的群落结构变化有一定的影响.     

应用δ~(13)C值探讨土壤中有机碳的迁移规律

C3 植物与C4 植物具明显的δ13C值差异 ,利用这种特性 ,选取荔波茂兰喀斯特森林边缘处这个C3植物—C4 植物转换生长的地点 ,分别采集森林与农田各三个剖面的土壤样品 ,根据测定其土壤总有机碳、不同粒径及不同比重组分的δ13C值间的相互关系来推导土壤有机碳的若干迁移规律