上海市第二水源长江取水口环境生物调查和质量评价——(Ⅰ.浮游生物)

本文应用水生物、污水生物体系的划分阶段,以评价上海市第二水源长江两个取水口的环境质量.1989年枯水期(2～3月)和丰水期(7月)在长江口河流段南岸的浏河和浪港二个站位,分别在近岸(5m水深)和远岸(10m水深上、下层)的断面,进行浮游植物,浮游动物调查.结果认为两个取水口应是β中污型(βm),属尚清洁带.相比之下,浏河站比浪港站差,近岸比远岸差,丰水期低潮时比高潮时差,浏河站丰水期比枯水期差,浪港站枯水期比丰水期差.其主要受自邻近河道排放水,上海市污水排放和涨落潮污水流向变化的影响,反映了河口区环境的复杂性.     

中国粮食产量不同风险类型的地理分布

论文以中国各省份、各地区历年粮食单产为基本资料,采用统计方法,以风险分析技术为核心,定义粮食产量风险评价指标。在此基础上采用迭代自组织动态聚类分析方法分别对全国地区级和省级粮食生产单元进行了减产风险要素分区和综合风险指数分区,分区的结果反映了粮食生产风险水平的区域分异与各地区孕灾环境、致灾因子性质和生产力水平有密切联系。     

Influence of environmental temperature and relative humidity on photocatalytic oxidation of toluene on activated carbon fibers coated TiO2

TiO₂ supported on active carbon fiber (TiO₂/ACF), an absorbable photocatalyst, is a new kind of material applied in air purification. In this paper, the influence of environmental temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) on the gas-solid adsorption of toluene and the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) efficiency of adsorbed toluene on TiO₂/ACF were studied, and then, the purification capability of TiO₂/ACF was estimated. PCO results showed that although the PCO efficiency increased under high RH and T levels, the amount of adsorption of toluene decreased. Moreover, quantitative analysis results of intermediates indicated that more environmental risk emerged when PCO of toluene was carried out at higher environmental T and RH levels because more toxic intermediates would be accumulated on the TiO₂/ACF. So, it is significant to control the environmental T and RH conditions in the application of the PCO technique. T = 25°C and RH530% is the optimal condition for purifying toluene in our experimental system. __________ Translated from Urban Environment & Urban Ecology, 2007, 20(5): 10–13 [译自: 城市环境与城市生态]     

Long-term effects of silver nanoparticles on performance of phosphorus removal in a laboratory-scale vertical flow constructed wetland

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) have been widely used in many fields,which raised concerns about potential threats to biological sewage treatment systems.In this study,the phosphorus removal performance,enzymatic activity and microbial population dynamics in constructed wetlands(CWs) were evaluated under a long-term exposure to Ag NPs(0,50,and 200 μg/L) for 450 days.Results have shown that Ag NPs inhibited the phosphorus removal efficiency in a short-term exposure,whereas caused no obviously negative effects from a long-term perspective.Moreover,in the coexisting CW system of Ag NPs and phosphorus,competition exhibited in the initial exposure phase,however,cooperation between them was observed in later phase.Enzymatic activity of acid-phosphatase at the moderate temperature(10–20°C) was visibly higher than that at the high temperature(20–30℃) and CWs with Ag NPs addition had no appreciable differences compared with the control.High-throughput sequencing results indicated that the microbial richness,diversity and composition of CWs were distinctly affected with the extension of exposure time at different Ag NPs levels.However,the phosphorus removal performance of CWs did not decline with the decrease of polyphosphate accumulating organisms(PAOs),which also confirmed that adsorption precipitation was the main way of phosphorus removal in CWs.The study suggested that Ag NPs and phosphorus could be removed synergistically in the coexistence system.This work has some reference for evaluating the influences of Ag NPs on the phosphorus removal and the interrelation between them in CWs.     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

山海关区农村生态环境状况及保护对策

从山海关区农村生态环境现状出发,客观分析了农村生态环境存在的水体污染、土壤污染、水土流失等问题,以及影响农村生态环境的主要因素,如污水和垃圾的无组织排放、化肥和农药的不合理使用、基础设施差、监管缺位等,提出应从环保体制、环保意识、基础设施建设、自然资源保护、污染防治、强化监管等方面采取切实可行的措施,保护农村生态环境。     

灰色系统方法在城市生活垃圾量预测中的应用

利用灰色关联分析方法分析了影响城市生活垃圾量的因素，建立了生活垃圾量的ＧＭ（１，１）预测模型，预测了未来的城市生活垃圾量。该法具有较高的精度，简便，可行。     

关于建立我国光污染防治体系的思考与建议

本文对建立符合国情的光污染防治体系提出相关建议。首先阐述了光污染的概况;然后对国内外光污染防治的立法现状进行研究和探讨;最后提出具体的立法构想。与欧美和日本等发达国家相比,我国的光污染防治工作才刚起步,关于光污染防治的环境立法还是空白,对光污染防治的系统性研究处于初始阶段。以经济、生态的可持续发展为指导思想,采用符合国情的立法模式,修订《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,制定光污染防治单行法《光污染防治法》,制定光环境质量标准和排放标准,建立光污染防治体系,全面防治光污染。     

土壤重金属污染及其修复技术研究

土壤重金属污染物有汞、镉、铅、锌等,主要来源于交通运输、工业污染和农业污染。土壤重金属污染会导致农作物减产甚至死亡,对人体健康也会产生极大危害。目前土壤重金属污染修复的技术主要包括工程修复法、物理化学修复法、化学修复法和生物修复法。植物修复技术作为一种新兴的绿色、生态、高效的修复技术具有良好的发展前景。     

Effects of Acid Rain on Competitive Releases of Cd, Cu, and Zn from Two Natural Soils and Two Contaminated Soils in Hunan, China

Leaching experiments of rebuilt soil columns with two simulated acid rain solutions (pH 4.6–3.8) were conducted for two natural soils and two artificial contaminated soils from Hunan, south-central China, to study effects of acid rain on competitive releases of soil Cd, Cu, and Zn. Distilled water was used in comparison. The results showed that the total releases were Zn>Cu>Cd for the natural soils and Cd>Zn≫Cu for the contaminated soils, which reflected sensitivity of these metals to acid rain. Leached with different acid rain, about 26–76% of external Cd and 11–68% external Zn were released, but more than 99% of external Cu was adsorbed by the soils, and therefore Cu had a different sorption and desorption pattern from Cd and Zn. Metal releases were obviously correlated with releases of TOC in the leachates, which could be described as an exponential equation. Compared with the natural soils, acid rain not only led to changes in total metal contents, but also in metal fraction distributions in the contaminated soils. More acidified soils had a lower sorption capacity to metals, mostly related to soil properties such as pH, organic matter, soil particles, adsorbed SO₄ ²⁻, exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺, and contents of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃.