履约对我国典型城市和偏远背景地区气态单质汞浓度和源区的影响研究

为了解我国城市和背景地区最新的气态单质汞（gaseous elemental mercury,GEM）水平,比较《关于汞的水俣公约》履约前后这些地区GEM来源和迁移规律的差异,本研究选择了1个城市监测站（淀山湖站）和1个背景监测站（哀牢山站）,于2021年分别进行了为期1个月的GEM监测,同时使用潜在源贡献因子计算分析两地GEM的来源,并与履约前的结果进行比对。位于长三角地区的淀山湖站GEM浓度降幅大于位于我国西南的哀牢山站GEM浓度降幅,表明针对我国工业排放源超低排放的改造,获得了显著的履约成效。相对履约前,两地GEM的可能源区和传输形式没有显著改变,人为源排放仍然是影响两地GEM浓度的主要因素。本研究结果表明随着履约工作的逐步推进,我国城市和背景地区的GEM仍有下降的可能,长期在这些站点开展大气汞监测,可以为汞履约成效评估提供有效的数据支撑。     

填埋气产气量估算模型在我国的应用

填埋气(LFG)是一种利用价值高的高热值清洁燃料,对LFG进行控制和利用已成为城市垃圾处置技术的重要组成部分,但有效开发利用的前提是对LFG产量及产气速率进行较为准确的估算。重点分析了两中典型的生活垃圾填埋气估算模型:Land GEM模型、Scholl Cayon模型,探讨了这两种模型参数的确定。并以北京市某填埋场为例,运用两种模型预测该填埋场填埋气产气量,比较讨论分析了两模型预测结果的差异,为LFG的利用提供了设计依据。     

Estimation of PM10 in the traffic-related atmosphere for three road types in Beijing and Guangzhou, China

The levels of roadside PM10 in Beijing, China, were investigated in 2011 and 2012 on a seasonal basis to estimate the population exposure to particulates for three road types. The measurements of PM10 were also conducted in the southern Chinese megacity of Guangzhou for comparison purposes. The results showed that roadside PMlo in Beijing correlated strongly with the PM10 background in the urban atmosphere. The levels of PM10 in street canyons were markedly higher than those along the open roads and in crossroad areas because of limited ventilation. An elevation of PM10 was observed in April, which was possibly due to the sand storms that frequently occur in the spring. Based on these observations, roadside PM10 in Beijing could have multiple origins and was to some extent dispersion- governed. In Guangzhou, the roadside PM10 did not closely relate to the background values. The PM10 pollution was greatly affected by local traffic conditions. The simulation of PM10 for different road types was completed during the study period using the Motor Vehicle Emissions Factor Model （MOBILE6.2） as an emission model and the California Line Source Dispersion Model （CALINE4） and Operational Street Pollution Model （OSPM） as dispersion models. The MOBILE6.2/CALINE4 software package was demonstrated to be sufficient for the simulation of PM10 in the open roads and crossroad areas in both Beijing and Guangzhou, and the simulation results of roadside PM10 in the street canyons by the MOBILE6.2/OSPM package were in close agreement with those of the measurements.     

娘子关泉岩溶地下水水化学特征分析

天然地下水系统中的水-岩相互作用是控制地下水水质的主要水文地球化学过程,地下水水质取决于水-岩相互作用的程度。本文通过对阳泉市娘子关泉岩溶地下水水文地球化学的调查,并利用水-岩相互作用理论,分析了娘子关泉岩溶水系统地下水的水化学特征及其水质恶化的原因。结果表明:造成该地区岩溶地下水水质恶化的主要影响因素是采矿活动,其作用方式主要表现为采矿排水下渗补给和矿坑水越流补给两方面,其作用结果导致地下水中SO24-和部分微量元素含量升高;此外来自生活或工业污水的渗漏补给对该地区岩溶地下水水质也有影响,主要表现为地下水中NO3-、硼等污染组分含量上升。     

搅拌棒吸附萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用测定海水中邻苯二甲酸酯

为了测定海水中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯,构建并优化了搅拌棒吸附萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用方法.选取邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯这6种邻苯二甲酸酯作为研究对象,优化了萃取时间和解析时间等5种因素,通过回收率和相对标准偏差等对SBSE-GC-MS方法进行验证.结果表明,最佳萃取时间为2 h,最佳甲醇添加量为10%,最佳氯化钠添加量为5%,最佳解析时间为50 min,最佳解析溶剂为甲醇∶乙腈=4∶1(体积比).6种邻苯二甲酸酯的峰面积和质量浓度线性对应关系良好,相关性系数均大于0.997,检出限在0.25~174.42 ng·L-1之间,不同质量浓度的回收率均在56.97%~124.22%之间,相对标准偏差在0.41%~14.39%之间.在建立方法的基础上,测定了胶州湾主要河流入海口的样品,结果表明所有采样点均检出邻苯二甲酸酯,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯检出率为100%,质量浓度较大的污染物为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯.     

用VB开发电子阅览室登录计费系统

介绍了基于VB SQL SERVER电子阅览室登录系统的设计与实现.从数据库设计、操作过程等方面讨论了所遇到的并解决的关键问题:登录功能的实现,语音功能、上机计时收费、打印收费功能以及各种统计查询功能的实现等,形成了一个完整的,功能较为齐全的,安全性和工作效率较高的电子阅览室登录系统.     

Removal of VOCs from gas streams with double perovskite-type catalysts

Double perovskite-type catalysts including La2 CoMnO_6 and La_2 CuMnO_6 are first evaluated for the effectiveness in removing volatile organic compounds(VOCs), and single perovskites(La CoO_3, LaMnO_3, and La Cu O3) are also tested for comparison. All perovskites are tested with the gas hourly space velocity(GHSV) of 30,000 hr~(-1), and the temperature range of100–600°C for C_7H_8 removal. Experimental results indicate that double perovskites have better activity if compared with single perovskites. Especially, toluene(C_7H_8) can be completely oxidized to CO_2 at 300°C as La2 Co MnO_6 is applied. Characterization of catalysts indicates that double perovskites own unique surface properties and are of higher amounts of lattice oxygen,leading to higher activity. Additionally, apparent activation energy of 68 k J/mol is calculated using Mars-van Krevelen model for C7 H8 oxidation with La2 Co Mn O6 as catalyst. For durability test, both La2 Co Mn O6 and La_2 CuMnO_6 maintain high C7 H8 removal efficiencies of 100% and98%, respectively, at 300°C and 30,000 hr~(-1), and they also show good resistance to CO_2(5%) and H2 O(g)(5%) of the gas streams tested. For various VOCs including isopropyl alcohol(C_3H_8 O),ethanal(C_2H_4O), and ethylene(C_2H_4) tested, as high as 100% efficiency could be achieved with double perovskite-type catalysts operated at 300–350°C, indicating that double perovskites are promising catalysts for VOCs removal.     

环境污染物浓缩铀诱发雄性机体的生殖毒性研究

在不同水平浓缩铀￣（２３５）ＵＯ＿２Ｆ＿２内污染诱发机体生殖毒性的研究中，观察到浓缩铀可诱发精子畸形，主要呈现双头和无钩精子。浓缩铀诱发精原细胞染色体畸变，则以染色体断片为主，对初级精母细胞可产生染色体断片和易位，出现多价体。浓缩铀可致精子ＤＮＡ链断裂，其断裂片段则可随￣（２３５）ＵＯ＿２Ｆ＿２摄入量的加大而增多，浓缩铀引起遗传物质的损伤，可诱发胎鼠显性致死突变和骨骼畸形增生，而其诱发骨骼畸形的发生率则与睾丸浓缩铀的摄入量呈正相关。     

当前环境执法中存在的问题及对策研究

环境执法不力是环境保护的薄弱环节,文章分析了当前环境执法中存在的问题及原因,并针对性地提出了加强环境执法的对策,实施这些对策对推动环境保护走上依法管理的轨道具有重要意义.     

中国土壤表层钙元素背景值的地域最佳估值研究

应用地统计学方法研究了中国土壤表层钙元素背景值的空间变异结构,并藉此进行了钙元素背景值的地域估值.结果表明,这种估值方法突出反映了钙元素在中国的宏观变化规律.与趋势面方法相比,具有明显优势.