PAHs in surface sediments from coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and their risks in surface sediments (n = 35) collected from coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China, were investigated in 2008. Total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 52.3 to 1,870.6 ng/g dry weight. The greatest concentrations were observed in the Dou River of Tangshan where waste water from small factories is discharged into the river without treatment. At other locations, municipal sewage was the primary contributor of PAHs. Regional differences in concentrations of PAHs in sediments are related to human activities. Concentrations of PAHs were significantly correlated with concentrations of organic carbon in sediments. The patterns of relative concentrations and types of PAHs observed and knowledge of the potential sources, as well as the results of a principal component analysis, are consistent with the primary sources of PAHs in sediments of the northern Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, being derived from the high-temperature pyrolytic processes such as combustion of fossil fuel. While concentrations of PAHs at most locations did not exceed the effects range median stated by the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines of the United States, concentrations of PAHs at some locations were similar to or greater than the effects range low.     

喀斯特石漠化过程中土壤重金属镉的地球化学特征

喀斯特石漠化是喀斯特背景下的土地退化.文章对喀斯特高原区贵州省清镇市王家寨峰丛洼地同一流域内不同类型石漠化、不同等级石漠化以及不同干扰方式石漠化土壤重金属镉的含量变化及其空间分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:研究区土壤Cd含量在0.034～0.635 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为0.243 mg·kg-1.其中,黑色石灰土Cd含量普遍高于黄壤,且存在极显著性差异(p≤0.01).土壤Cd含量总体随石漠化程度的加深而呈降低趋势,但除强度石漠化和轻度石漠化之间有显著性差异外(p≤0.05),其他石漠化等级之间无显著性变化.不同干扰方式石漠化之间,土壤Cd含量表现为开垦＜放牧＜火烧＜樵采,其中,开垦与火烧、开垦与樵采在对土壤Cd含量的影响上存在显著性差异(p≤0.05).土壤Cd含量在不同坡位间无明显变化规律,也无显著差异.研究区土壤Cd含量受土壤组分、有机质、pH和CEC等诸多因素的影响,其中,土壤有机质、pH和土壤组分是其主要影响因素.     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被不同恢复阶段土壤微生物量碳的变化及其与土壤理化因子的关系

以典型的衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被不同恢复阶段为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列方法,选用立地条件基本一致的裸荒地、草坡、灌木林和森林基本相似的4个植被恢复阶段,通过调查取样和实验分析,探索了不同植被恢复阶段土壤微生物量碳、土壤物理性状和速效养分的变化特征及相互关系。结果表明:(1)随着植被由低级向高级的演替,土壤微生物量碳、有机质及速效磷显著升高(p<0.05);土壤pH值、容重及根土比显著降低(p<0.05);速效氮和速效钾变化不一致;(2)灰色关联分析表明,土壤有机质、根土比、有效磷、土壤容重与微生物量碳具有较大的关联度,通径分析表明,土壤有机质、有效磷、土壤容重和根土比对微生物量碳的形成有较强的直接作用,有效氮表现出较强的间接效应;根土比-有效磷、有机质-土壤容重、有效氮-土壤容重之间相互调节,相互制约,间接调控着微生物量碳的形成。这将丰富该地区植物生态学与恢复生态学的内容,为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地生态系统的恢复与重建提供了重要依据。     

密云水源水的预臭氧化及强化常规处理研究

针对北京密云水库水的水质特征,分别进行了实验室烧杯和现场中试研究.实验结果表明,预臭氧化能使原水中较大粒径颗粒数目减少,并能显著降低原水中不饱和有机物的含量;高效聚合氯化铝在颗粒物及有机物的去除上明显优于传统的聚合氯化铝和硫酸铝;预臭氧化与常规处理的联合工艺对浑浊度、有机物和大肠菌群有很高的去除率.     

石灰预处理和干发酵对稻草热解特性影响

深入研究生物质热解有助于热解机理的理解,利用热重分析来探讨石灰预处理和干发酵对稻草热解特性的影响。结果表明:预处理使木质素和半纤维素含量增加,而干发酵使VS、半纤维素和纤维素含量降低;预处理和干发酵改变稻草热解特性,但未改变稻草的热反应机理;热解一级动力学方程很好模拟稻草热解的主失重阶段,稻草热解活化能数值为42.3～47.8 kJ/mol,属于正常范围;预处理降低反应活化能,而干发酵增加反应活化能。这为秸秆及其干发酵残渣的气化提供了重要的设计依据。     

pH对活性污泥表面特性和形态结构的影响

采用4个平行的序批式反应器,研究了不同pH下活性污泥絮体表面特性和形态结构的变化.结果表明:酸性条件下(pH=4.0,5.5)污泥产生的胞外聚合物总量较多,其中多糖和蛋白质的含量远大于中性(pH=7.0)和偏碱性条件(pH=9.0).污泥表面Zeta电位随pH的升岛而降低;pH对污泥相对疏水性的影响规律并不明显,EPS组成比例较EPS总量本身更易影响污泥表面相对疏水性;此外,在酸性条件下,丝状菌大量生长,导致污泥絮体的平均粒径增大,并且呈现双峰粒径分布,絮体分形维数较低,结构松散;在中性条件下,无明显丝状菌牛长,絮体平均粒径减小,分形维数较高,结构致密;偏碱性条件下,虽然没有出现大量丝状菌,但絮体平均粒径较中性条件略有增大,分形维数相应减小.     

土壤有机农药污染的降解机理与生物修复技术

通过对有机农药在土壤中的环境行为与迁移转化规律综合分析研究,探讨了有机农药污染土壤的生物修复技术,并对生物修复技术进行了前瞻性研究.     

非均匀电动力学修复技术对土壤性质的影响

非均匀电动力学技术是正在发展中的环境修复技术 ,其特点之一是不破坏原有的环境系统。通过小型实验研究了非均匀电动力学及其运行方式对土壤性质的影响 ,分析了非均匀电动力学的作用机理和影响因素 ,同时研究了非均匀电动力学系统的能耗和运行特征。实验结果表明 ,采用合适的运行方式和运行参数 ,可以最大限度地保护土壤原有的特征 ,降低能量消耗 ,具有潜在的应用前景。     

Distributions and concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong soils

Surface soil (0-10 cm) samples from 53 sampling sites including rural and urban areas of Hong Kong were collected and analyzed for 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Total PAH concentrations were in the range of 7.0-410 microg kg(-1) (dry wt), with higher concentrations in urban soils than that in rural soils. The three predominant PAHs were Fluoranthene, Naphthalene and Pyrene in rural soils, while Fluoranthene, Naphthalene and Benzo(b + k)fluoranthene dominated the PAHs of urban soils. The values of PAHs isomer indicated that biomass burning might be the major origin of PAHs in rural soils, but vehicular emission around the heavy traffic roads might contribute to the soil PAHs in urban areas. A cluster analysis was performed and grouped the detectable PAHs under 4 clusters, which could be indicative of the PAHs with different origins and PAHs affected by soil organic carbon contents respectively.     

Identifying sources of soil inorganic pollutants on a regional scale using a multivariate statistical approach: role of pollutant migration and soil physicochemical properties

Principal components analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were used to estimate the contribution of four components related to pollutant sources on the total variation in concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Se, Hg, Fe and Mn in surface soil samples from a valley in east China with numerous copper and zinc smelters. Results indicate that when carrying out source identification of inorganic pollutants their tendency to migrate in soils may result in differences between the pollutant composition of the source and the receptor soil, potentially leading to errors in the characterization of pollutants using multivariate statistics. The stability and potential migration or movement of pollutants in soils must therefore be taken into account. Soil physicochemical properties may offer additional useful information. Two different mechanisms have been hypothesized for correlations between soil heavy metal concentrations and soil organic matter content and these may be helpful in interpreting the statistical analysis.