铜绿微囊藻的胞外有机物对不同混凝剂除藻效果的影响

为了保证水厂在高藻条件下的安全清洁供水,以分布较为广泛的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为研究对象,采用2种铝系混凝剂AlCl3和聚合氯化铝(polyaluminum chloride,PACl)进行烧杯混凝实验,考察混凝过程中铝形态对除藻的影响,分析铜绿微囊藻的胞外有机物(extracellular organic matters,EOM)对藻去除的影响机制。结果表明:在PACl浓度为0.04 mmol·L~(-1)时,对藻细胞及浊度的去除率均为90%,而AlCl_3摩尔浓度为0.08 mmol·L~(-1)时,藻细胞及浊度去除率才达到90%;在制备PAC时,会水解产生大量中等聚合形态、性质稳定的Alb,在弱酸性到弱碱性的范围(pH为6～8)内,Alb对藻细胞去除率均可达到95%以上;而AlCl_3只有在比较窄的pH范围内形成原位Al_b,AlCl_3只能在较窄的pH范围内(pH为6～6.5)保持95%藻细胞去除率。与AlCl_3相比,PACl可去除更多表观分子质量为200～300 Da的胞外聚合物,同时PACl混凝后得到的絮体密实度大于AlCl_3。以上结果为研究铝系混凝剂强化去除藻的胞外有机物提供了参考。     

纯二氧化碳条件下小球藻固定CO2

微藻固碳已经成为消减温室气体排放的新的研究热点。利用静态吸收方法,考查了通人纯CO2对普通小球藻生长特点、固定CO2效率以及藻液pH值变异的影响。结果表明：通入纯CO2使小球藻生长延滞期显著延长,比普通培养延长10～12d,对其他生长阶段的影响不大;小球藻固定CO2速率可分为2个过程,即物理固碳过程和生物固碳过程,前者在藻细胞延滞期发生,峰值由CO。溶解于培养液造成,后者在藻细胞生长的指数期、稳定期和衰退期发生,峰值由藻细胞指数生长造成,2个过程中,固定CO2速率的变化趋势都是先增大后降低;纯CO2条件下,藻液pH值变化速率高,4d内,藻液即被酸化,随后藻液pH值变化速率逐渐降低,且pH值稳定在适宜水平。因此,采用小球藻固定高浓度CO2时,建议提高接种量并加强培养前期的pH值监测和调控,以保证藻液保持适宜的pH值,并缩短培养时间,提高生物固碳效率。     

基于混合改变惯性因子PSO-BP的短期电力负荷预测

针对短期电力负荷预测的精度和网络的收敛问题,通过分析BP、PSO固有缺点,采用周期改变惯性因子(PCW )和动态改变惯性因子(DCW)的双策略,同时对传统的流程增加了额外BP局部寻优,编制了基于MATLAB的混合改变惯性因子PSO-BP神经网络算法(PDPSO-BP),并对广东某城市短期负荷进行预测。结果表明,PDPSO-BP有效地改善了BP的泛化能力,PSO的搜索能力,整体加快了网络的收敛速度,提高了预测的精度,保持误差在3%以下,具有良好的预测效果,满足负荷预测的要求。     

UASB-SBR工艺处理阿维菌素废水

采用UASB-SBR 组合工艺处理阿维菌素废水,考察了UASB 反应器和SBR 反应器中COD 的去除效果.UASB 反应器稳定运行阶段,当进水COD 为9 210 mg / L、容积负荷为9.21 kg（/ m3·d）时,COD 去除率稳定在85%左右.SBR 反应器稳定运行阶段,当进水COD 为1 010 mg /...     

转鼓铁碳微电解法预处理液晶废水

采用转鼓铁碳微电解法预处理液晶生产废水,优化了工艺参数,并进行了装置连续运行试验。结果表明：保持转鼓转速2 r/min,在废水pH=2.0、铁碳比（m（铸铁屑）∶m（活性炭））1∶1.5、填料装填率（填料体积与反应器有效容积之比）1∶10、HRT=3 h的优化工艺条件下,废水BOD₅/COD由处理前的0.181提高到0.265;电解装置连续运行30 d,COD去除率稳定在40.1%~43.2%之间,且填料未出现板结现象。     

Size and resin fractionations of dissolved organic matter and trihalomethane precursors from four typical source waters in China

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its potential to form disinfection by-products (DBPs) during drinking water treatment raise challenges to water quality control. Understanding both chemical and physical characteristics of DOM in source waters is key to better water treatment. In this study, the DOM from four typical source waters in China was fractionated by XAD resin adsorption (RA) and ultrafiltration (UF) techniques. The trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of all fractions in the DOM were investigated to reveal the major THM precursors. The fraction distributions of DOM could be related to their geographical origins in a certain extent. The dominant chemical fraction as THM precursors in the DOM from south waters (East-Lake reservoir in Shenzhen and Peal rivers in Guangzhou) was hydrophobic acid (HoA). The size fraction with molecular weight (MW) <1 kDa in both south waters had the highest THMFP. The results of cluster analysis showed that the parameters of fractions including DOC percentage (DOC%), UV₂₅₄%, SUVA₂₅₄ (specific UV₂₅₄ absorbance) and THMFP were better for representing the differences of DOM from the studied waters than specific THMFP (STHMFP). The weak correlation between SUVA₂₅₄ and STHMFP for either size or XAD fractions suggests that whether SUVA₂₅₄ can be used as an indicator for the reactivity of THM formation is highly dependent on the nature of organic matter.     

应用投加粉末活性炭的膜生物反应器处理生活污水的研究

应用向间歇曝气的膜生物反应器内投加粉末活性炭的新工艺，进行了处理模拟生活污水的研究，将此研究结果与未投加粉末活性炭时的研究结果相比较，表明该工艺不仅可以取得更优的出水水质，而且可以从根本上减少膜阻力，维持高膜通量。     

Practical evaluation for water utilities in China by using analytic hierarchy process

The risk of water utilities would include the water quality failure and the water quantity failure, from the source to the tap, including the catchment, treatment, distribution and the customer plumbing system. In this paper, we proposed a practical evaluation method based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The hierarchical structure of the water utilities was established in terms of the fault event analysis from the past failure accidents. The severity of criteria was preset by the experts and the probability of criteria was determined by a modified CUWA-TSM sheet with the consideration of the actual situations of the supply system. The evaluation model was successfully performed by a case study. Although, the method in this paper may not be as good as the framework of WSPs, it has a great advantage compared to WSPs and TSM. The risk management can be applied through specific software packages with a user-friendly interface, which means it is easier to implement. In addition, it can point out the critical control points (CCPs) for the decision-makers. So we believe this method will improve and play a more and more active role in the development of the risk management in China water works.     

柠檬酸浸出土壤中铜、锌的优化设计

以某工业废弃地土壤为供试材料,采用批次实验方法,研究了柠檬酸对重金属Cu、Zn的浸出效果。并在单因素实验基础上,探讨不同pH值、柠檬酸浓度、固液比和浸提时间等对浸出效果的影响,进而对实验条件进行正交优化组合,确定优化工艺参数为：pH值为3.2,柠檬酸浓度为0.4 mol/L,壤土固液比为1/10,土壤中Cu、Zn接近平衡的时间分别为1 h和1.5 h。结果表明,在此条件下,对这2种金属来说,Cu较Zn易释放,Cu、Zn的最大浸出率分别为74.8%和65.3%。柠檬酸浸提前后,土壤中有机质含量下降范围为0.61%~3.16%。单从土壤有机质含量来看,柠檬酸对土壤质量影响较小,具有较好的应用前景。     

火电厂灰场排水除氟与降pH的试验研究

本文根据湖北荆门热电厂灰场排水水质情况采用硫酸铝－助凝剂的方法进行了除氟与降ｐＨ的试验研究．分别通过静态试验、实验室配水动态试验和现场动态试验,使灰场排水中的氟离子含量由１８ｍｇ／Ｌ左右降至１０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下,ｐＨ值由９左右降至８以下。灰场排水处理量为每小时５ｔ的现场试验结果表明,降低水中氟离子含量并同时降低其ｐＨ值的药品成本费为每吨灰火０．０５元左右,只降低ｐＨ的药成本费为每吨灰水０．０３元以下．