Changes in hourly precipitation may explain the sharp reduction of discharge in the middle reach of the Yellow River after 2000

The Hekou-Longmen reach, together with local floods, is the main source area for coarse sedimentations into the Yellow River. When total rainfall slightly increased in the area, discharge dramatically decreased by 40%–70% after the year of 2000, and attracting extensive attention in the context of global climate change. High temporal resolution precipitation (timescales between 1 and 4 h) data from the June to September period from 270 rain gauges over the past three decades was mined in order to help explain the phenomenon. Each rainfall event was classified as light/moderate rain, large rain, heavy rain or rainstorm by the event’s rainfall amount, and further classified as low intensity rain, medium intensity rain and high intensity rain by the event’s rainfall intensity. The Mann-Kendall trend test was applied to detect the presence and significance of monotonic trends, and to find the change points in the mean and variance of the precipitation characteristics series, including the amount, intensity, frequency and duration of each rainfall category. Results show that although the total amount of precipitation has slightly increased, the average rainfall intensity has significantly decreased. The larger change happened in light/moderate rain events and low/medium intensity rain events, and the intensity changes have a great extent occurred around the threshold of Non-Runoff Rainfall regime, which was proposed for the approximate calculation of initial losses. Changes in rainfall distribution between different classes of the Runoff Rainfall regime in the 2000s could lead to 0.9 mm less runoff depth (17.3% of the total reduction) than the 1980–1999 period. The study indicates that changes in hourly precipitation may be responsible for the sharp reduction of discharge.     

A new procedure combining GC-MS with accelerated solvent extraction for the analysis of phthalic acid esters in contaminated soils

An optimized procedure based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is developed for the analysis of six phthalic acid esters (PAEs), which are priority soil pollutants nominated by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Quantification of PAEs in soil employs ultrasonic extraction (UE) (USEPA 3550) and ASE (USEPA 3545), followed by clean up procedures involving three different chromatography columns and two combined elution methods. GC-MS conditions under selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode are described and quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) criteria with high accuracy and sensitivity for target analytes were achieved. Method reliability is assured with the use of an isotopically labeled PAE, di-n-butyl phthalate-d4 (DnBP-D4), as a surrogate, and benzyl benzoate (BB) as an internal standard, and with the analysis of certified reference materials (CRM). QA/QC for the developed procedure was tested in four PAE-spiked soils and one PAE-contaminated soil. The four spiked soils were originated from typical Chinese agricultural fields and the contaminated soil was obtained from an electronic waste dismantling area. Instrument detection limits (IDLs) for the six PAEs ranged 0.10–0.31 μg·L^-1 and method detection limits (MDLs) of the four spiked soils varied from a range of 20–70 μg·kg^-1 to a range of 90– 290 μg·kg^-1. Linearity of response between 20 μg·L^-1 and 2 mg·L^-1 was also established and the correlation coefficients (R) were all>0.998. Spiked soil matrix showed relative recovery rates between 75 and 120% for the six target compounds and about 93% for the surrogate substance. The developed procedure is anticipated to be highly applicable for field surveys of soil PAE pollution in China.     

基于天然气管线泄漏蒸汽云爆炸危害分析

基于历史数据和试验建立和改进相应的数学模型,初步建立了定量分析研究天然气管线泄漏蒸汽云爆炸和毒气危害后果计算方法,为天然气管线风险评估、风险管理、管线维护以及蒸汽云爆炸和毒气危害发生后的危害后果评估提供决策支持.     

土壤样品中微生物活性的荧光分析方法

以土壤为供试样品,基于荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解反应产生的荧光素含量与土壤中微生物活性呈比例的现象,探讨了荧光光度法测定土样中微生物活性的可行性,提出采用荧光光度法测定环境样品中微生物活性的新方法.对测定所涉及的物理参数和化学参数进行了优化.在最佳实验条件下,方法的线性响应范围为荧光素含量2—2000#g.L-1,线性相关系数(r)=0.9971,方法的检出限(3σ)为3.1×10-2#g.L-1,方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.8%(n=5),对4个土壤样品荧光素含量测定的回收率为90.6%—104%.所建立的方法具有简单快速、灵敏度高、线性范围宽、试样用量少等优点,可用于土壤、水等环境样品中微生物活性的测定.     

Fluoride content and distribution pattern in groundwater of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou, China

For study, the fluoride (F) content and distribution pattern in groundwater of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou fluorosis area in southwestern China, the F content of 93 water samples [groundwater (fissure water, cool spring, and hot springs), rivers water] and 60 rock samples were measured. The result shows the F content of the fissure water and cold spring water is 0.027–0.47 mg/L, and river water is 0.048–0.224 mg/L. The F content of hot spring water is 1.02–6.907 mg/L. The drinking water supplied for local resident is mainly from fissure water, cool spring, and river water. And the F content in all of them is much lower than the Chinese National Standard (1.0 mg/L), which is the safe intake of F in drinking water. The infected people in eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou fluorosis area have very little F intake from the drinking water. The hot spring water in fluorosis area of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou, southwest China has high F content, which is not suitable for drinking.     

o-Coumaric acid from invasive Eupatorium adenophorum is a potent phytotoxin

A phytochemical study of the invasive Eupatorium adenophorum indicated that the plant was rich in a phenolic compound o-coumaric acid (or 2-hydroxycoumaric acid). Biological investigations with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and crop plants showed that o-coumaric acid strongly inhibited seed germination, plant growth and root elongation, reduced the photosynthesis in old leaves, and induced the root cell death and the expression of genes related to senescence, oxidative stress, and systemic acquired resistance. The phytotoxic effects of o-coumaric acid exhibit selectivity between under- and above-ground parts of test plants and between E. adenophorum and other plants. These results indicate that o-coumaric acid is a potent toxin that might play an important role in the competition of E. adenophorum with its neighboring plants during its invasion and establishment.     

七道湾污水厂污泥重金属形态特征研究

采用Tessier连续提取法对乌鲁木齐七道湾污水厂夏季和冬季污泥中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd进行了含量和形态分析,研究了污泥中重金属的生物有效性。结果表明:该污水厂污泥中重金属含量Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd,4种重金属含量均低于污泥农用污染物控制标准限值。Cu、Zn、Pb主要以残渣态和有机结合态形式存在,Cd主要以残渣态、铁锰氧化态和碳酸盐结合态形式存在。Zn、Cu的生物不可利用态含量高,所占比例在60%以上,对污泥农用有利,Pb、Cd两种元素的生物有效态和潜在有效态之和所占比例在50%以上,有较强的生物可利用性,在污泥农用时存在一定潜在风险。     

玻璃窑高温烟气净化工艺设计

通过分析已实施的工程运行情况,总结了玻璃窑烟气采用湿法净化系统存在的一些问题:一是高温腐蚀非常严重,二是结垢堵塞严重,再就是水处理系统的冷热水分层问题。供类似工程的方案设计参考。     

创新安全教育教学思路增强安全教育实效

在安全教育教学实践中,创新安全教育教学思路,采用互动式教育法、正反例证教育法、安全文化教育法、格言警句教育法等职工乐于接受的方式方法,对于增强安全教育效果有重要的作用。针对不同的教育对象,方法上要有所侧重。同时安全教师应选择新近、及时的安全教育内容,并不断提高自身素质。     

室内环境安全及污染控制

近年来室内装修污染健康危害事件不断发生,成为居民投诉的热点,室内环境安全也已成为学术界和政府部门关心的焦点.本文以九江地区室内环境质量状况为例,指出了室内空气污染的来源,分析了各种室内主要污染物对人体健康的影响,对如何防治室内污染,达到居住环境安全的问题进行初步的探讨.