Rapid degradation of butachlor in wheat rhizosphere soil

The degradative characteristics of butachlor in non-rhizosphere, wheat rhizosphere, and inoculated rhizosphere soils were measured. The rate constants for the degradation of butachlor in non-rhizosphere, rhizosphere, and inoculated rhizosphere soils were measured to be 0.0385, 0.0902, 0.1091 at 1 mg/kg, 0.0348, 0.0629, 0.2355 at 10 mg/kg, and 0.0299, 0.0386, 0.0642 at 100 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding half-lives for butachlor in the soils were calculated to be 18.0, 7.7, 6.3 days at 1 mg/kg, 19.9, 11.0, 2.9 days at 10 mg/kg, and 23.2, 18.0, 10.8 days at 100 mg/kg, respectively. The experimental results show that the degradation of butachlor can be enhanced greatly in wheat rhizosphere, and especially in the rhizosphere inoculated with the bacterial community designated HD which is capable of degrading butachlor. It could be concluded that rhizosphere soil inoculated with microorganisms-degrading target herbicides is a useful pathway to achieve rapid degradation of the herbicides in soil.     

Distribution of alkylphenols in the Pearl River Delta and adjacent northern South China Sea, China

The occurrence of alkylphenols (APs) was investigated in surface water and sediments from the Pearl River Delta and adjacent northern South China Sea. Most of the water samples contained detectable amounts of APs, ranging up to 0.628 microg l(-1) for nonylphenol (NP) and 0.068 microg l(-1) for octylphenol (OP). APs were found in all of the sediment samples with concentrations ranging from 59 to 7808 microg kg(-1) for NP and from 1 to 93 microg kg(-1) for OP. The Zhujiang River showed the highest concentrations of APs in both water and sediments. Significant decrease of APs concentrations going from the Zhujiang River to the Shiziyang River was observed. The Xijiang River contained concentrations of APs slightly higher in water but relatively lower in sediments than the Lingding Bay, which might be attributed to their different hydrodynamic and sedimentary characteristics. There was a decreasing trend of APs in water from the rivers to the estuary and further to the sea on the whole. In the Lingding Bay and its outer waters, concentrations of APs in sediments increased to a maximum and then decrease seaward, which was consistent with the distribution trend of the sediment organic carbon contents. Linear regression analyses showed the concentrations of APs were markedly correlated with the sediment organic carbon contents, indicating that the sediment organic carbon is an important factor controlling the levels of APs in sediments.     

河流泥沙对石油的吸附、解吸规律及影响因素的研究

通过静态（搅拌）实验,研究了河流泥沙对石油乳化油的吸附、解吸和极限残留量变化的基本规律。泥沙对石油乳化油的吸附规律符合Langmuir-Freundlich等温式,吸附与解吸过程不可逆,在清水中不能完全解吸出来。吸附量与油浓度、沙浓度、沙粒径及溶液中的电解质（盐）浓度等因素有关。根据实验资料建立了吸附等温式、解吸方程、极限残留方程、以及吸附量和极限残留量随泥沙粒径的变化关系式。最后对溶液盐度对吸附的影响作了初步探讨。     

贵阳市乌当区耕地土壤重金属污染现状及其评价

在对乌当区10乡镇耕地土壤进行全面调查的基础上，对土壤重金属污染现状进行了监测与初步评价，结果表明：该区域10乡镇耕地土壤5种重金属元素(Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg、As)的含量变幅较大；全区耕地土壤重金属污染综合评价处于警戒水平，多因子综合污染指数为0．78．其中，金华、朱昌两镇的耕地土壤已受到了重金属轻度污染，多因子综合污染指数分别为1．13、1．22，羊昌、新堡、下坝、东风、水田等5乡镇的耕地土壤处于警戒状态，新场、百宜、偏坡等3乡镇的土壤处于安全状态；Cd、Cr是该区耕地土壤的主要污染元素。     

单一重金属污染对水稻叶片光合特性的影响

以杂交稻协优818为材料，研究了Cu^2＋、Hg^2＋、Cd^2＋ 3种重金属离子对水稻叶片光合特性的影响。试验结果表明：（1）Cu^2＋在低浓度时BI起叶片叶绿素含量降低。而Hg^2＋、Cd^2＋在低浓度时。则导致叶绿素含量增加：高浓度时，3种重金属均BI起叶绿素含量降低。同时，低浓度时3种重金属离子均导致叶绿素a／b值升高：高浓度时则均引起叶绿素a／b值下降。（2）Cu^2＋、Hg^2＋、Cd^2＋对水稻叶片叶绿素的吸收光谱均无明显影响，在活体条件下并未发生卟啉环中Mg^2＋的置换。（3）Cu^2＋、Hg^2＋、Cd^2＋均引起叶片希尔反应活力降低，即重金属污染明显影响光合作用。     

生物修复技术在白海面黑臭河涌治理中的应用

利用人工曝气、水体生物修复和河道生态恢复等技术,对广州市白海面黑臭水体进行治理。结果表明,在污水进水流量3000～4000m^3／d的条件下,通过生物治理,消除了水体黑臭现象,从上游到下游,水色由暗黄逐步转为黄、黄绿;在上游不断流入污水情况下,CODcr除去率达55％以上,NH3-N除去率为35％,TP除去率达25％以上。本研究为城市黑臭河道,特别是暂时无法截污的城郊河道的治理和养护提供了一套切实可行的方法。     

东湖氮循环细菌分布及其作用

用最大可能数法测定东湖不同水期水体及底泥中亚硝化、硝化、反硝化和氨化细菌的分布,并分析其作用.结果表明,水体中亚硝化菌的最大可能数丰水期最高,平水期居中,枯水期最小;硝化菌丰水期小于其他2期,而反硝化、氮化细菌均是平水期最高、丰水期次之,枯水期最小.底泥中亚硝化菌n(MPN)丰水期高于另2期,硝化菌枯水期最高,而反硝化菌枯水期低于其它2水期,氮化细菌无差别.对比水相、泥相发现,亚硝化菌丰水期、枯水期泥相均大于水相(p<0.01),平水期无差别.硝化菌在平水、丰水2期的水相中占优势,枯水期差别不大反硝化菌n(MPN)仅在平水期泥相占优势,氨化细菌2相中无差别.氮循环细菌的分布及微环境的差异,促进了有机氮的分解、氮态氮的硝化和挥发及硝酸盐的反硝化作用.研究还发现,水体、底泥中反硝化细菌和氨化细菌1g[n(MPN)]与其气体截流量之间有显著相关(p<0.001),且不同水期产气量不同(p<0.05),表明氨化作用和反硝化作用随水期变化较大.氨化作用可将有机氮转化为铵和氨,促进水体及底泥中的氮以气态氨的形式挥发;反硝化作用将硝酸盐转化为N₂O、N₂,促进氮素释放.     

零价铁类Fenton试剂氧化降解废水中有机污染物的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外Fe0类Fenton试剂氧化反应降解废水中有机污染物的研究现状,介绍了Fe0-H2O2体系、紫外光-Fe0-H2O2体系和可见光-Fe0-H2O2体系处理有机污染物的机理、特点和效果,并对未来Fe0类Fenton试剂氧化反应体系处理有机污染物的发展前景进行了展望。     

弃置平台与管线对海洋环境的影响

海洋平台及海底管线会随着海上油气田的开采完成而结束其使命,并置于废弃状态。文章论述了废弃平台管线结构由于废弃失效、清洗及拆除对海洋环境所造成的不良影响及其对海洋环境的持续性影响,并从完善规章制度、严格执行环评管理程序、加强海洋环境监测、合理选择弃置方案、再利用等五方面,对海洋环境的可持续发展,有针对性地提出了科学、可行的建议。     

保护臭氧层谈判中的美欧博弈

臭氧层损耗是重要的全球环境问题之一。最早认识到臭氧层危害的美国率先在国内立法控制相关物质,然而另一大经济体——欧共体,在这一方面却行动迟缓。在保护臭氧层的国际谈判中,美欧之间相互妥协,最终达成了对氟氯烃化合物(CFCs)进行限控的《蒙特利尔议定书》。美欧之间的分歧来自国内化工业巨头的影响,国际经济变动影响外交决策。国际环境问题背后隐藏的经济关系与大国的领导作用是影响国际环境合作的主要因素。