冬季大气中苯系物污染特征及人体暴露水平分析

2007年冬季对乌鲁木齐市空气中苯系物(BTX)进行了网格布点监测,并用气相色谱仪进行样品分析. 结果表明:冬季大气中苯(B)、甲苯(T)和二甲苯(X)的质量浓度分别为5.62~20.57,3.40~122.82和2.20~129.15 μg/m3. 与欧洲标准相比,该地区ρ(苯)较高,且部分地区高于欧洲控制标准;而ρ(甲苯)和ρ(二甲苯)较低,达到欧洲目标限值水平. 苯系物质量浓度和空间分布特点较显著,ρ(甲苯)与ρ(二甲苯)的空间分布较为一致,但与ρ(苯)的分布特点不同. 最后通过对苯系物的人口加权大气污染暴露水平进行分析可知,乌鲁木齐市ρ(苯),ρ(甲苯)和ρ(二甲苯)的污染暴露水平在空间分布上较为均匀,但人口密度空间分布不均匀,故与ρ(苯)分布没有显著的相关性. 城区的ρ(苯),ρ(甲苯)和ρ(二甲苯)的人口加权平均值均略低于全市人口加权平均值,说明虽然城区人口密度较高,但其ρ(苯),ρ(甲苯)和ρ(二甲苯)的人口加权污染暴露水平相对较低.      

艾比湖流域不同植物群落土壤呼吸研究

利用开路式土壤碳通量测量系统LI-8100测定艾比湖流域4种植物群落土壤呼吸速率日变化,分析土壤温度、湿度和气温以及空气相对湿度对土壤呼吸速率的影响.结果表明:胡杨、梭梭、芦苇和盐节木4种植物群落的土壤呼吸速率日变化基本呈单峰曲线.胡杨、梭梭和盐节木群落的土壤呼吸速率与地上10 和150 cm处气温均表现为极显著相关.除芦苇群落外,各植物群落土壤呼吸速率与不同深度土壤温度呈极显著负相关.除沙地梭梭群落外,胡杨、盐渍地梭梭、芦苇和盐节木群落的土壤呼吸速率与地上10和150 cm处的空气相对湿度均呈极显著负相关.不同植物群落土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度呈极显著负相关.多元逐步回归拟合的回归模型均达极显著水平,由土壤温度和湿度共同拟合出的回归模型能够解释土壤呼吸速率变化87%以上的原因.不同植物群落土壤呼吸差异原因的分析显示,细菌、真菌、放线菌以及根系干质量不是造成植物群落土壤呼吸差异的主要原因.      

减压塔规整填料腐蚀现状与防护

介绍了减压塔规整填料腐蚀的现状,阐述了介质温度、流速、腐蚀介质种类和填料尺寸等因素对规整填料腐蚀的影响,提出了改变工艺、加注缓蚀剂、改变材质和加强腐蚀检测等防护措施。     

集约化露天菜地表层土壤盐分累积特征及消长规律

以广东省佛山市南海区为例,研究了集约化露天菜地表层土壤盐分的累积状况和离子组成,对盐分的季节性消长规律及其变化原因进行了深入分析.结果表明:2006年春季土壤盐分的累积情况较为严重,5个集约化露天菜地样点中有3个样点(1、2、4号)的表层土壤盐分浓度较高,全盐质量分数超过1.0 g·kg-1,已达到次生盐渍化的标准,其中又以2号样点(菜场)最为突出,伞盐质量分数高至2.42 g·kg1;2006年春季到夏季为脱盐阶段,土壤盐分浓度下降明显;2006年夏季到秋冬季变化幅度不大.土壤盐分浓度的变化与降雨量有密切关系,虽然2006年降雨偏多,但佛山市南海区农业集约化水平较高,部分菜地连年种植蔬菜、复种指数极高、化肥施用量偏大,从而在遇到干早年份和季节,集约化露天菜地土壤仍有发生次生盐渍化的风险.土壤盐分的离子组成上,阳离子以Ca2 为主,占全盐质景分数的11.0%～24.1%;阴离子以NO3-和SO42-为主,分别占全盐质量分数的8.9%～31.0%和10.9%～45.7%.研究结果可为控制土壤盐分累积、提高蔬菜生产能力及品质、保护和合理利用耕地资源,提供参考资料.     

Regulated emission characteristics of in-use LNG and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles under real driving conditions using PEMS

On-road driving emissions of six liquefied natural gas(LNG) and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles(STTVs) which met China Emission Standard IV and V were tested using Portable Emission Measurement System(PEMS) in northern China.Emission characteristics of these vehicles under real driving conditions were analyzed and proved that on-road emissions of heavy-duty vehicles(HDVs) were underestimated in the past.There were large differences among LNG and diesel vehicles, which also existed between China V vehicles and China IV vehicles.Emission factors showed the highest level under real driving conditions, which probably be caused by frequent acceleration, deceleration, and start-stop.NOx emission factors ranged from 2.855 to 20.939 g/km based on distance-traveled and 6.719–90.557 g/kg based on fuel consumption during whole tests, which were much higher than previous researches on chassis dynamometer.It was inferred from tests that the fuel consumption rate of the test vehicles had a strong correlation with NOx emission, and the exhaust temperature also affected the efficiency of Selected Catalytic Reduction(SCR) aftertreatment system, thus changing the NOx emission greatly.THC emission factors of LNG vehicles were 2.012–10.636 g/km, which were much higher than that of diesel vehicles(0.029–0.185 g/km).Unburned CH_4 may be an important reason for this phenomenon.Further on-road emission tests, especially CH_4 emission test should be carried out in subsequent research.In addition, the Particulate Number(PN) emission factors of diesel vehicles were at a very high level during whole tests, and Diesel Particulate Filter(DPF)should be installed to reduce PN emission.     

混凝法处理锰矿选矿废水的试验研究

选取聚合氯化铝（PAC）、聚合硫酸铁（PFS）、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）和六水合氯化铁（FC）4种常用混凝剂,采用正交试验,以去浊率与去锰率作为综合评价指标,探讨了不同混凝剂处理锰矿选矿废水的效果及最佳混凝条件。结果表明：在以上混凝剂中,FC的混凝效果较差;PAM对锰矿选矿废水的处理效果最优,最佳的混凝条件为：处理500 ml的废水,投加1.5 ml的PAM,pH为7.0,搅拌后沉降20 min,废水经处理后去浊率与去锰率分别为96%、92%,其中废水的pH及投药量对混凝效果的影响较大。     

电子受体类型对聚磷污泥胞外聚合物的影响研究

采用3种电子受体(硝氮、亚硝氮、氧),在SBR反应器中分别驯化了具有稳定除磷能力的聚磷污泥。对比研究了不同聚磷污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的组分与含量,结合三维荧光光谱对EPS中有机物质进行分析。研究表明,以硝氮、亚硝氮为电子受体的聚磷污泥EPS平均浓度较为接近,分别为115.6mg/gVSS、133.5 mg/gVSS,由厌氧段至缺氧段,EPS总浓度有所下降。以氧为电子受体聚磷污泥的EPS平均浓度相对较高,为194.5 mg/gVSS,由厌氧段至好氧段,EPS总浓度略有升高。不同聚磷污泥的EPS组分均以胞外蛋白为主,占EPS总量的53%~65%,多糖与核酸占EPS总量28%~34%、5%~7%。三维荧光光谱显示3种聚磷污泥EPS均具有芳香结构蛋白质、可溶性代谢物的荧光峰,另外,以硝氮为电子受体的聚磷污泥还具有明显的腐殖酸类物质的荧光峰。研究结果表明电子受体对聚磷污泥EPS的组分、浓度、有机质类别有一定的影响。     

县域生态功能区划研究——以巩义市为例

文章结合河南省巩义市的实例,对县城小尺度生态功能区划分的方法和指标选取进行实际应用的探讨。巩义市生态功能区划采用2级分区（生态区和生态功能区）的等级体系。其中,生态功能区的划分采用定量与定性相结合的方法,定量分析中选取了形成生态系统特征、影响生态服务功能的14个特征因子进行聚类分析,在此基础上,再采用主导标志法进行区域划分。最后提出巩义市4个生态区和8个生态功能区的二级生态功能区划方案。     

The thermal transformation mechanism of chlorinated paraffins: An experimental and density functional theory study

The increasing production and usage of chlorinated paraffins(CPs) correspondently increase the amount of CPs that experience thermal processes. Our previous study revealed that a significant amount of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins(MCCPs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) as well as aromatic and chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(Cl-PAHs) were formed synergistically during the thermal decomposition of CP-52(a class of CP products).However, the transformation mechanisms of CP-52 to these compounds are still not very clear.This article presents a mechanistic analysis on the decomposition of CP-52 experimentally and theoretically. It was found that CP-52 initially undergoes dehydrochlorination and carbon chain cleavage and it transformed into chlorinated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Cyclization and aromatization were the most accessible pathways at low temperatures(200–400°C), both of which produce mostly aromatic hydrocarbons. As the temperature exceeds 400°C, the hydrocarbons could decompose into small molecules, and the subsequent radical-induced reactions become the predominant pathways, leading to the formation of Cl-PAHs. The decomposition of CP-52 was investigated by using density functional theory and calculations demonstrating the feasibility and rationality of PCB and PCN formation from chlorobenzene. The results improve the understanding of the transformation processes from CP-52 to SCCPs and Cl-PAHs as well as provide data for reducing their emissions during thermal-related processes.     

人工湿地净化河道水质的研究进展

人工湿地是近年来国内外应用较多、发展较快的一种污水处理技术,本文从国内外人工湿地净化河水的技术应用出发,列举了人工湿地处理河水污染的效果和优势,并对湿地净化河水效率影响较大的湿地植物、填料、气候条件以及湿地构造4个因素进行了比较、分析和总结,最后对人工湿地净化河道水质进行了展望。