降雨径流对柴河水库总磷、总氮的水质影响分析

为研究降雨产生的地表径流对水库水质中总磷、总氮的影响,以铁岭市入柴河水库的柴河流域集雨面积内的降雨径流为研究对象,分别在雨季汛期的三个时期(雨前、雨时及雨后)对柴河流域下游入库前的柴河堡断面采集水样进行分析,以期为铁岭市柴河水库的面源污染治理提供科学依据。     

基于模糊综合评价法与单因子指数评价法的水质评价

通过2012年5月至10月对凡河榛子岭水库上游河段的水质监测,采用模糊综合评价法对凡河榛子岭水库上游河段水体的水质状况进行了综合评价,同时与单因子指数评价法评价结果进行对比分析。结果表明,2种评价方法的评价结果存在较大差异,采用模糊综合评价法评价得到的水质评价结果相对较好;采用模糊综合评价法评价,仅6月的杨坟沟、岱海寨断面及9月的杨坟沟断面的水质为Ⅴ类,其他月份各监测断面的水质均符合Ⅲ类水质标准要求;而采用单因子指数评价法的评价结果仅9月份的杨坟沟断面的水质达到Ⅱ类水质,其余各月三个断面监测的水质均超出Ⅴ类水质标准。在水质评价中,应根据评价目的合理选择水质评价方法,使水质评价结果更为准确。     

表面处理对芳纶无纬布防弹性能的影响

本文对芳纶无纬布的表面处理进行了研究,对比了处理前后的面密度、表面光滑柔软性能、厚度、防水性能以及防弹性能。通过比较可知,经过表面处理后,芳纶无纬布不仅实现了防水功能,且其防弹性能没有下降。这说明,此处理方法可行,适合推广。     

臭氧氧化四种偶氮染料废水的效果研究

以酸性大红、中性枣红、阳离子红、活性黑5四种模拟印染废水开展O3氧化偶氮染料的效果研究.实验中发现O3对染料具有非常好的脱色效果,30 min后除中性枣红外其他三种染料脱色率接近100％,但是单独O3的TOC去除率不高.光谱扫描表明,处理后染料的特征吸收峰很快消失,而紫外光区的吸收峰变化很小,推测O3氧化以直接氧化为主,打开了染料分子的发色基团,但并未将染料分子彻底氧化.还应加强O3氧化能力、彻底矿化去除污染物的研究.     

Secondary organic aerosols in Jinan, an urban site in North China: Significant anthropogenic contributions to heavy pollution

Secondary organic aerosols(SOAs) are an important component of particulates, but whether biogenic SOAs(BSOAs) or anthropogenic SOAs(ASOAs) are the dominant contributors to haze pollution remains poorly characterized. In this study, particulate samples were collected from September 2014 to August 2015 at an urban site in Jinan, which is the capital of Shandong Province and a typical city in the North China Plain. The PM2.5 samples were analyzed for BSOA(isoprene(SOAI) and monoterpenes(SOAM)) and ASOA(aromatic(SOAA)) tracers. The concentrations of the SOAAtracer(1.1 ± 1.0 ng/m3) were lowest, and those of SOAItracers(41.8 ± 86.2 ng/m3) were highest, with the concentrations of SOAMtracers(19.4 ± 9.9 ng/m3) being intermediate. The SOAItracers were more abundant in the summer and less abundant in the winter. Both SOAIand SOAMincreased with increasing ozone level but decreased with increasing NOx level. Correlation analysis revealed a good correlation between 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid and levoglucosan levels in three seasons. These results suggested that biomass burning activities occurring in the NCP can enhance the emissions of aromatics and should be controlled, especially in the autumn and winter. SOA tracers were classified according to pollution degree, and the results showed that as pollution increases, the contributions of SOAAincrease. These results indicate that reducing anthropogenic emissions is necessary to prevent SOA pollution, especially during heavy pollution episodes.     

Selected dark sides of biomass-derived biochars as environmental amendments

With the rapid increase in the application of biochars as amendments, studies are needed to clarify the possible environmental risks derived from biochars to use safely the biomass resources. This work reported selected dark sides of maize straw-and swine manurederived biochars pyrolyzed at 300 and 500°C. During the pyrolysis processes, total heavy metals in the biochars were enriched greatly accompanying with considerable emission of the heavy metals into atmosphere and the trends became increasingly obvious with pyrolysis temperature. Meanwhile, the biochars showed distinctly decreased available heavy metals compared with raw feedstocks, which could be mainly attributed to the sorption by the inorganics in the biochars. The water-and acid-washing treatments significantly increased the releasing risks of heavy metals from biochars into the environments. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis indicated that persistent free radicals, emerged strongly in the biochars as a function of the aromatization of biomass feedstocks, were free from the influence of water-, acid-, or organic-washing of the biochars and could remain stable even after aged in soils for 30 days. Dissolved biochars, highly produced during pyrolysis processes, showed distinct properties including lower molecular weight distribution while higher aromaticity compared with soil dissolved organic carbon.The results of this study provide important perspectives on the safe usage of biochars as agricultural/environmental amendments.     

全氟辛烷磺酸暴露对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应

采用人工土壤培养法,通过14 d急性暴露试验,研究了全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的死亡率、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及DNA损伤的影响。研究结果表明：PFOS对蚯蚓14 d-LC₅₀为478.0 mg·kg^-1,显示为低毒;急性暴露期间,PFOS显著抑制蚯蚓生长,生长抑制率随着PFOS浓度增加而增大,且有良好的剂量效应关系(r=0.951,P<0.01);PFOS对蚯蚓GST和CAT活性均没有显著性影响,没有观察到剂量效应关系;PFOS可致蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤,不同浓度的PFOS对蚯蚓体腔细胞尾长、尾部DNA含量和尾矩的影响具有一定的剂量效应关系(P<0.01),与对照组之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,PFOS对蚯蚓的存活影响显示为低毒,但是对生长有一定影响,可致蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤。     

砷胁迫下水磷耦合对不同磷效率水稻根表铁膜及其各部位砷含量的影响

为探索缓解水稻砷毒害的农艺措施,以耐低磷水稻99011和低磷敏感水稻99012为材料,通过土培试验,研究水分、磷用量及其交互作用对不同砷浓度酸性土壤中水稻根表铁膜以及植物体内砷分配的影响。结果表明,节水灌溉(干湿交替)明显减少水稻根表铁膜量,降低铁膜、根系、秸秆、颖壳和精米中的砷含量。与30mg·kg-1P2O5相比,180mg·kg-1P2O5能明显减少两个品种水稻的根表铁膜量以及根系和秸秆中的砷含量;对耐低磷品种铁膜砷含量影响不大,但显著降低磷敏感品种铁膜砷含量;在50mg·kg-1砷处理中增加磷用量对水稻颖壳砷含量影响不大,在100mg·kg-1砷处理时能显著降低颖壳砷含量;增加磷用量可明显增加耐低磷品种的精米砷含量,降低磷敏感品种的精米砷含量。水、磷交互效应主要受水分效应的影响。加砷处理后,相同处理下耐低磷品种的根表铁膜量和铁膜中的砷含量显著高于磷敏感品种,而根系、秸秆、颖壳和精米中的砷含量则相反。研究表明,可以通过节水灌溉,并根据砷污染程度和植物磷营养特性确定适当的磷肥用量,从而减少砷在水稻体内的累积,提高食品安全。     

Estimation and characterization of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, PCNs, HxCBz and PeCBz emissions from magnesium metallurgy facilities in China

Magnesium production is considered to be one potential source of unintentional persistent organic pollutants (unintentional POPs). However, studies on the emissions of unintentional POPs from magnesium metallurgy are still lacking. Emissions of unintentional POPs, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) and pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) are covered under the Stockholm Convention. In this study, these emissions were investigated through a magnesium smelting process. Stack gas and fly ash samples from a typical magnesium plant in China were collected and analyzed to estimate the emissions of unintentional POPs from magnesium metallurgy. Emissions factors of 412 ng TEQ t⁻¹ for PCDD/Fs, 18.6 ng TEQ t⁻¹ for dl-PCBs, 3329 μg t⁻¹ for PCNs, 820 μg t⁻¹ for HxCBz, and 1326 μg t⁻¹ for PeCBz were obtained in 2009. Annual emissions from magnesium metallurgy in China were estimated to be 0.46 g WHO-TEQ for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs, 1651 g for PCNs, 403 g for HxCBz and 653 g for PeCBz, respectively.     

北京官厅水库周边农药类POPs暴露的土壤生态效应研究

在前期研究的基础上,围绕北京官厅水库周边2-10 km范围内按不同农药类POPs残留量划分4个区域,监测了土壤中主要农药类POPs(HCHs和DDTs)的含量,分析了土壤酶活性和土壤呼吸强度特征.结果表明,4个区域中有机氯农药残留最高为北辛堡区,其次是怀来县区和官厅镇区,最低为延庆县区,平均含量分别为27.59 ng·...