海洋大陆架沉积物中磷质结核现代成因的放射性证据

自从“挑战者”号探险以来(Murray and Renard,1891),发现大洋底磷质结核的绝对年龄问题与其成因问题有密切联系。 由于大洋中缺乏现代磷钙土,因而为磷酸盐是在过去的地质时期自海水的化学沉淀假说提供了基础。但是,如果现代磷钙土被发现,那么就可以通过直接观测来评价影响其形成的化学和生物因素。 有关生物遗骸、绝对年龄和一般地质环境的大量有用资料表明。大洋底已固结的磷钙土的时代要比早更新世老。然而发现纳米比亚(西南非洲)和智利大陆架沉积物表层的软的磷质结核显然是年青的,当将其组成与周周沉积物和间隙水的组成一起考查时,     

岩浆活动与大陆分裂的年代关系

引言 目前人们公认大陆断裂与基性和硷性火成岩的喷出和侵入活动有关。许多作者(例如Dietz & Holden,1970;Davies,1968;Grasty & Wilson,1967)曾利用基性和硷性火成岩的年龄来说明大陆分裂的年代。从而说明大洋地壳最早期建造的年代。大家也公认断裂带中最早出现的海洋沉积物与大陆分裂有时相的(temporally)关系(Smith & Hal     

加拿大地质调查所1972年采用的前寒武纪年表

目前C.H.斯托克韦尔(Stockwell)对他所提出的加拿大地盾前寒武纪年表的年龄值进行了修正(见表)。同较早公布的一样,造山运动的终结被选作时间划分的界限,但现在已把造山年龄和造陆(或冷却)年龄区分开了。造山运动终结的时间位于最年青造山相和紧接着而来的造陆冷却时间开始之间相当短的间隔之内。伟晶岩一般是最年青的造山物质,其年龄可以用U-Pb法测定。造陆冷却时间开始的时代是用K-Ar法对造山成因角闪石进行的严密测定而测     

根据骨化石中天门冬氨酸外消旋推导冰期-冰后期的温差

用来估计冰期旋回中地球上发生气候变化的方法一般有两种,即测定钙质化石中O~(18)/O~(16)值以及分析花粉,动物群分布。然而,这些方法都受到若干因子的影响,在大多数情况中部不能明确地确定更新世冰期和间冰期旋回之间的温差的绝对最。不管是温度波动,还是由于冰川扩展的时期中大陆冰盖贮藏大量轻同位素水而产生的同位素变化,都会影响钙质化石中     

用气体体积分析法快速测定沉积物中的方解石和白云石

引言 佛罗伦萨和帕多瓦矿物研究所在开展威尼斯河砂的研究过程中提出了定量测定碳酸盐问题。由于在一些河流中方解石和白云石在各种粒级关系上的变化特别大,故在已知分析方法中选出一种适于不同粒度的方法是很方便的。根据这个要求对细粒沉积物不能利用差示显色法。 另一方面,矿物种类很多,不能使用某些一般的分析方法(如方解石和菱镁矿的滴定法)。 这里列举了碳酸盐测定的已知方法并说明了多种矿物混在一起时测定真实性有限的原因。     

向挪威南部艾于德纳河中施加石灰:底栖无脊椎动物恢复的大规模试验

本研究描述了1985年向艾于德纳河溯河鱼类所在部分施加石灰后敏感的无脊椎动物的恢复情况.这条河流在1960～1970年间丧失了它的大马哈鱼种群.施加石灰的目的是产生pH＞6.0和ANC＞20μg/L的水质,并减少不稳定铝的含量.施加石灰前,在这条河中找不到像蜉蝣类的Baetis rhodanf等高度敏感的无脊椎动物.施加石灰2年后,一些敏感的无脊椎物种产生了积极的回应.河流下游有两处地点发现了B.rhodanf.在随后的5年里,一些敏感的无脊椎物种开始在施加石灰的整个河段聚集,并且数量越来越大.在向河流施加石灰10年后,出现了蜗牛Lymnaeaperegra.这个物种的扩散也非常迅速,5年后它可以在40km范围内施以石灰的的主要河流的所有调查地点被发现.在这一区域减少硫的沉降也引起了艾于德纳河未施加石灰的各支流水质的提高.施加石灰与未施加石灰的地点的比较说明了水质和敏感物种的临界限制是决定艾于德纳河动物组成的主要因素,而与水质变化的原因无关.     

Age-related decline in metabolic competence of small and medium-sized synaptic mitochondria

A computer-assisted morphometric investigation of cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity, selectively evidenced by preferential diaminobenzidine cytochemistry, has been carried out on synaptic mitochondria in the cerebellar cortex of adult and old rats. The ratio (R) of the area of the cytochemical precipitate (CPA) to the overall area of each mitochondrion (MA) was calculated. R refers to the fraction of the inner mitochondrial membrane actively involved in cellular respiration, thus its quantitative estimation constitutes a reliable index of the mitochondrial metabolic competence (MMC). In adult rats a significant negative correlation between MA and R values was found, while in old animals there was just a positive trend. Paired-quartile comparisons of R values showed a significant age-related decrease in small and medium-sized mitochondria, whereas the lowest and not significant age-related reduction was found in oversized organelles. A paired decrease in number and increase in size is reported to be a general trend for mitochondria during aging, but oversized organelles, according to their low R value, constitute a scanty, though functional, compensating reaction. Thus, the present findings support the argument that the currently reported age-related cellular metabolic decay appears to rely both on the decline in MMC of the small and medium-sized mitochondria, and on their specific reduction in number. This novel result is of biological relevance since it is largely the small and medium-sized mitochondria that are required for the provision of adequate amounts of ATP for actual cellular performance, while the significantly enlarged organelles are thought to represent an intermediate ultrastructural feature in mitochondrial genesis and/or remodelling.     

英国塘鹅蛋中多氯联苯同类物的时空变化趋势

1977～1998年间,在苏格兰西部的艾尔萨克雷格对收集到的塘鹅蛋中的多氯联苯(PCB)同类物进行了回顾性分析.对一些年份所收集的塘鹅蛋中每年选择8～10个对其PCB同类物浓度范围分别进行了分析.所有的同类物在几年之内浓度都降在低,但不同的同类物降解速率不同.     

Effects of atmospheric gases on terrestrial plants and critical levels of air pollution

An integrated approach was developed to determine the critical levels of air pollution for ecological standard setting based on the unified index of biological response, by taking into account the effects of all pollution components simultaneously. An empirical model of plant productivity was taken as the dose response model for gaseous pollutant effect on the productivity of trees and the annual productivity of plants was used as the above mentioned index. The CO2 increase in the lower atmosphere was considered to potentially increase plant productivity and NO2 was estimated as neutral while being dangerous for plants as a chemical precursor of ozone or as a source of acidification. The maximum permissible chronic O3 and SO2 levels for trees were estimated and it was found that O3 is much more phytotoxic, as compared to SO2 , with a rather narrow range of permissible levels (27-33 ppb) which complicates its monitoring and control.     

1957～1990年西北威尔士地区土壤酸性的增加

由自然界或人类活动排出的氧化硫或氧化氮所造成的酸沉降,会加剧土壤中阳离子的淋溶。如果土壤排水析出的主要离子是硫或氮,那么,为了保持土壤电荷呈中性就需要当量浓度阳离子。析出的阳离子常常被土壤交换体系用氢离子替代,结果,土壤的酸度增加。欧洲许多国家都报道过这种主要由人为排放二氧化硫和二氧化氮造成的土壤酸化问题。然而,除了在位于派克格拉斯和勃劳德鲍克的罗瑟姆斯太德试验站和基斯克劳福