用抽提法除去污染土壤中的重金属

本试验的目的是开发从污染过的土壤中除去重金属的技术。试验是将六种不同的荷兰土壤用人工污染上五种不同的重金属,然后将污染过的土壤用三倍的0.1M的HCI溶液进行抽提,可将土壤中的Cu、Pb与Zn抽出90～99％,将Ni抽出80～90％,但是三价铬(Cr)只能抽出0～25％,可用次氯酸(HOCI)溶液在pH为8时抽出大部份铬(三价)。在水力旋流器中进行了固液分离试验。用化学凝聚与絮凝试验表明,几种絮凝剂都可收到很好的分离效果,这种絮凝并不影响抽提结果。在抽提与分离试验结果的基础上,安装了一套实验室规模的连续装置。抽提是在几只装有搅拌器的槽内进行,也可在有筛板的柱子中进行连续抽提。絮凝剂可以帮助     

厦门西港海水质量对鱼卵胚胎发育畸形率的影响

以养殖场培育的花尾胡椒鲷受精卵为实验材料测试了厦门西域5个站位的表层水水样对花尾胡椒鲷受精卵的胚胎发育毒性，并运用GC－MS手段分析了水样中的美国EPA优控的16PAHs组分的含量。结果表明：3号站位（厦门市工业和生活污水主要排放口的外侧）和4号站位（厦门西港的港区）的水样对鱼卵的胚胎发育的毒性最强。8号站位（位于主航道并濒临嵩屿电厂）的水样对鱼卵胚胎发良的毒性次之，1号站位（湾口）和5号站位（内港）的水样对鱼卵的胚胎发育的毒性较小。水样中的PAHs含量分析结果表明，仅用水样中的PAHs含量不能全面地反映水样对鱼卵胚胎发育的毒性。最后，对本实验方法应用于海洋环境生物监测的有效性进行了探讨。     

Fluoride distibution and the effect of some ions along Alexandria coastal Mediterranean seawater of Egypt

The coastal seawater of Mediterranean of Alexandria receives large amount of discharged waters containing industrial wastes, sewage, and agricultural and domestic drainage. Fluoride and some parameters were(chemical and physical) determined. The data gave indication that the content and the amount of the discharged water largely affect the chemical composition of the coastal water. Stepwise regression analysis was highly significant and the model was very fruitful, where the observed and calculated values were mostly concordant. This may indicated that there was a relation between fluoride content in coastal seawater and its content in the discharged water.     

海水中痕量元素测定方法的比较

——用三种仪器技术的五种不同分析方法研究了沿岸海水中痕量金属含量的测定。用同位素稀释火花源质谱法,石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法,离子交换和螯合溶剂萃取预富集电子耦合等离子发射光谱法或直接用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法核对了所得结果。比较不同分析方法对应的数据是考验这些方法合理性的实用办法,增高所得结果的可信度,在缺乏标准参考物时尤其适用。——测定海水中的痕量元素有很大的困难(1)。对极低浓度分析物(0.02—10毫克/升)定量由于伴有3.5％溶解固体组成的基体,从而对仪器技术提出了许多要求。设计的很多样品制备方案均要求预富集痕量元素以及在分析前把痕量元素从主要干扰成分中分出(1—7)。所有这些方法必定要增加样品的处理手续、试剂以及容器表面与样品接触所引进的不可接受的高的和(或)随机的操作空白。由于缺乏标准参考物,这些问题更加严重。因为标准参考物可检查诸如样品处理过程中引入沾污分析物质的损失以及基体或光谱干扰等对仪器响应的影响等系统误差。为减小这种误差,合理的措施是用各种不同的分析方法测定每个分析物,因为不同的分析方法不会遇到相同的干扰。这样,在不同方法的相应值中一定蕴含着样品中分析物浓度的一个可靠的估计真实值为此在进行沿岸海水中镉、锌、铅、铁、锰、铜、镍、钻、铬的分析时,用离子交换或螯合—溶剂萃取法预富集痕量金属属,并直接用石墨炉原子吸收法分析后,接着采用同位素稀释火花源质谱法(IDSSMS)。石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)以及电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICPES)进行了分析。本文对这种处理法的固有优点进行了讨论。     

Ecological networks and greenways in Europe: reasoning and concepts

The paper gives an overview of approaches towards ecological networks throughout Europe.It does not intend to present a complete picture,but to highlight comon developments within countries and regions and show common principles and differences between countries and regions that have to be taken into account when developing a joint European intiative,Countries or regions that have not been included can be active in the same way ,but information was not accessible to be authors for different reasons.This overview shows the comparable trends in decline of landscapes and the diversity in approaches to biodiversity conservation and nature conservation planning.Understanding the differences and common issues are of utmost imprtance to generalise common principles and to understand the way neighbours and other European partners approach problems.     

The effect of metapleural gland secretion on the growth of a mutualistic bacterium on the cuticle of leaf-cutting ants

In Acromyrmex octospinosus leaf-cutting ants the metapleural glands produce an array of antibiotic compounds that serve as a general defence against unwanted microbes on the cuticle. Leaf-cutting ants also grow mutualistic Pseudonocardiaceae bacteria on their cuticle that produce antibiotics controlling a microfungal parasite of their fungus gardens. Interaction between this bacterium and gland secretion therefore seems unavoidable. We document the typical development of bacterial growth on the cuticle of young major workers, show that growth starts a few days after eclosion, and that the maximal cover is reached after 2–3 weeks and gradually declines when workers mature. Experimental closure of the metapleural glands had no effect on the initial exponential growth phase of the bacterium, but significantly reduced the cover during the decline phase. The age-dependent abundance of the bacterium and its partial dependence on metapleural gland secretion support the hypothesis that the abundance of this mutualist is actively regulated.     

1998年厄尔尼诺后珊瑚礁的侵蚀与恢复:印度洋查戈斯礁群

在印度洋中部查戈斯礁群的大多数珊瑚死亡之后3年,对30m水深以浅珊瑚的侵蚀和恢复情况进行了研究.北部环礁15m水深以浅、中部和南部环礁＞35m处的珊瑚差不多全部死亡.由于密集珊瑚丛的损失,一些礁体"表面"下降了1 5m.珊瑚的生物侵蚀情况严重,减少了三维礁体"结构"并形成松散的碎石.幼年珊瑚数量众多,尽管大部分是在侵蚀的或不稳定的基底上,并且稳定种较少.在15m的深度,礁体间鱼类丰度和多样性仍旧较高;依赖于珊瑚生存的物种减少,而一些食草动物和食碎屑动物则增加.一个新的海面温度(SST)数据集表明,平均SST自1950年以来升高了0.65℃.造成查戈斯珊瑚礁死亡的临界SST是29.9℃.     

21世纪的保护区:为社会利益而工作

当今保护区面临着前所未有的挑战和机遇，人与资源的关系是保护区工作的关键。保护区随着社会的发展而发展，保护自然需要更加灵活的管理措施，保护区与人的关系更为密切，保护服务和推动保护区毗邻区域的发展正在成为重要目标，这些都将有利于保护区域的生物多样性，未来保护区将为社会利益而工作。