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91.
The authors used a global High Resolution Biosphere Model (HRBM), consisting of a biome model and a carbon cycle model, to estimate the changes of carbon storage in the major pools of the terrestrial biosphere from 18 000 BP to present. The climate change data to drive the biosphere for 18 000 BP were derived from an Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Using the AGCM anomalies interpolated to a 0.5 degrees grid, the HRBM data base of the present climate was recalculated for 18 000 BP. The most important processes which influenced the carbon storage include (1) climate-induced changes in biospheric processes and vegetation distribution, (2) the CO(2) fertilization effect, (3) the inundation of lowland areas resulting from the sea level rise of 100 m. Two scenarios were investigated. The first scenario, which ignored the CO(2) fertilization effect, led to total carbon losses from the terrestrial biosphere of -460 x 10(9) t. Scenario 2, which assumed that the model formulation of the CO(2) fertilization effect as used for preindustrial to present could be extrapolated to the glacial 200 microl litre(-1) (ppmv, parts per million per volume), gave a carbon fixation in the terrestrial biosphere of +213 x 10(9) t. The two scenarios were compared with CO(2) concentration data and isotopic ratios from air in ice cores. The results of Scenario 1 are not in agreement with the data. Scenario 2 gives realistic delta(13)C shifts in the atmosphere but the biospheric carbon storage at the end of the glacial period seems too large. The authors suggest that the low atmospheric CO(2) concentration may have favoured the C-4 plants in ice age vegetation types. As a consequence the influence of the low CO(2) concentration was eventually reduced and the glacial carbon storage in vegetation, litter, and soil was increased. 相似文献
92.
This study was designed to evaluate the ability of an in-situ bioassay to assess the impact of complex effluents on freshwaters and to identify toxic components. Reductions in the feeding rate of Gammarus pulex proved to be a sensitive indicator of the impact of metalliferous effluents on receiving water quality. The effluents contained a mixture of five potentially toxic metals. By combining information on feeding rates with bioaccumulation data, two metals, iron and manganese, were identified as the probable toxic agents. Laboratory experiments validated the conclusions reached from the field study and confirmed that iron was a major toxicant. The sensitivities of Gammarus pulex from a metal-contaminated site and a clean site were compared during both the field and laboratory studies. Interpopulation differences in the response of G. pulex to toxicants were detected in the field study but not in the laboratory experiments. Possible reasons for this are discussed. 相似文献
93.
Bäck J Huttunen S Turunen M Lamppu J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1995,89(2):177-187
The effects of artificially applied acid precipitation on growth and nutrient concentrations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) seedlings were investigated in a long-term acid irrigation experiment in field conditions. Seedlings of northern and southern origin were planted in boxes containing peat and composted soil rich in nutrients, and sprinkler irrigated with water acidified with nitric and sulphuric acids to pH 3 or pH 4 for periods varying from two to three and a half growing seasons during 1986-1989. Water irrigated (pH 5.4-7.6) and non-irrigated groups of seedlings were also included in the experiment. At the end of the experiment needles, main and lateral shoots and roots were collected from the seedlings for the determination of height growth and biomass partitioning, and for the analysis of S, N, Mg, P, K, Ca, Mn and Fe concentrations. The treatment effects compared to the irrigated control were studied using multivariate analyses of variance and covariance. In the pine seedlings the total dry matter production increased by 25-70% compared with the irrigated controls when the total wet deposition to the seedlings exceeded 67 kg S ha(-1) and 36 kg N ha(-1) (e.g. after two growing seasons' exposure of the pH 3 treatment). The increase was mainly due to an increase in needle dry weight (54-72% greater at pH 3) and root weight (20-65% greater at pH 3), whereas the height growth or shoot weight growth were less affected. The northern provenance pine seedlings responded more clearly to the pH 3 irrigation than the southern ones. The treatments had no consistent effects on any of the growth variables studied in the spruce seedlings, however. The pines had higher root and foliage Ca concentrations as a result of the acid irrigation, whereas in spruce, acid rain decreased the Ca concentration in needles and shoots. Root Mn and Fe concentrations were higher in both species as a result of the pH 3 treatment. A higher soil conductivity and Ca concentration resulted from the prolonged pH 3 treatment. The results strongly support the hypothesis that the long-term growth and nutrient allocation response of conifers to acid precipitation is dependent both on the tree species and on the nutritional status of the soil. 相似文献
94.
95.
引言大多数煤转化工艺都含有或设计有好氧生物处理,以作为从工艺废水中去除酚和其它有机杂质的主要方法。但是,在这些其它的有机物质中,有一些迄今连种类和生物可降解性都不清楚,所以也不能确切地予断它们能被生物处理法去除到何种程度。而实际废水的复杂性所导致的协合作用和对抗作用更是千变万化,不可捉摸。因为生物处理法在最佳运行状态下,具 相似文献
96.
这里提出各种斜长岩体,均由安山岩岩浆或玄武岩岩浆在粒变岩的变质条件下,经结晶和分离作用所形成。对于任何一个单独的岩体,其母岩浆的类型可以通过检验伴生岩石类型的垂直层序来确定。 相似文献
97.
Martin Guard Yunus D.Mgaya 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2002,31(7):528-536
2000年4月期间坦桑尼亚霞水母章鱼(1849)个体渔业的初步结果到2001年6月才被提供.对在坦噶、马菲亚岛和姆特瓦拉三地的2546个单个渔获物和15 473个样品进行了分析. 相似文献
98.
本文提出了用裂变径迹(FT)数据重建上冲带上升历史的一种试验性方法。由于完全可以证实,在山脉演化过程中热梯度随时间和深度变化而发生显著的变化,故我们采用一种与时间有关的热模式来推导所采岩石样品的温度/时间历史,只要给出诸如上冲地块厚度(T_t)、侵蚀速度(V(t))这类参数的话。这些参数可以在大量试验(“蒙特卡洛”模拟)的可供接受的范围内随机选取。我们将这个方法应用于科西嘉岛。那是阿尔卑斯上冲带的很好实例。最令人惊讶的结果是,同样一组FT数据,可以用变化范围很大的不同的侵蚀历史来解释。因此,为了给出合理的结果,就需要更多的地质限制条件。就科西嘉岛的情况来说,只要有关于最小的侵蚀厚度及侵蚀阶段的相对范围的资料,就可以对上冲以来的侵蚀/上升历史提出充分的限制条件。 相似文献
99.
<正> 为了系统总结有关构造断裂破坏在空间和时间上分布的资料,全苏国外地质科学研究所编制了面积超过3500万平方公里的非洲和阿拉伯及其临近海域的1:5000000的断裂图。该图包括非洲和阿拉伯全区,土耳其南部和伊朗西部(外扎格罗斯),它反映了红海和地中海水域以及大西洋和印度洋大陆架带范围内的断裂构造。图中的 相似文献
100.