基于协同反硝化脱氮的光伏废水处理

以光伏废水为研究对象,利用启动成功的协同反硝化反应器,在进水F-浓度为800mg/L,NO₃^--N为350mg/L的条件下,控制进水C/N为0.7左右,实现反硝化过程无需酸碱调控,TN去除率为90%以上,TN去除速率为2.0~2.5kg/（m³·d）.除氟试验表明,通过投加CaO初步除氟能将F-浓度降低至800mg/L,同时将pH提升至7.68,满足协同反硝化的pH范围（7.5~8.5）要求;二次除氟能有效降低废水中残余的F-及协同反硝化生成的SO₄^2-.针对多数含F-浓度超过800mg/L的光伏废水,可采用先初步除氟、协同反硝化脱氮,最终二次除氟、除硫酸盐的工艺路线.相比于完全异养反硝化脱氮处理光伏废水,采用协同反硝化可节约脱氮成本0.82元/t.     

HCHs and DDTs in Yellow River of Henan section—a typical agricultural area in China: levels,distributions and risks

The levels, potential sources and ecological risks of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in Yellow River of Henan section, a typical agricultural area in China, were investigated. Surface water samples and suspended particulate matters (SPMs) were collected from 23 sites during two seasons. In wet season, the residues of ∑HCHs (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH and δ-HCH) and ∑DDTs (p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD) ranged from 41.7 to 290 and 4.42 to 269 ng/L in surface water, while those varied from 0.86 to 157 and 1.79 to 96.1 ng/g dw in SPM, respectively. Moreover, in surface water, the levels of HCHs and DDTs in wet season were much higher than those in dry season. The reverse was true for residues of HCHs and DDTs in SPM. Compared with the large rivers in other regions, the levels of HCHs and DDTs in the studied area ranked at high levels and the residual concentrations might cause adverse biological risk, especially for ∑HCHs during wet season. Distributions of HCHs and DDTs delineated that the input of tributaries made a significant effect on the residue of HCHs and DDTs in the mainstream. ∑HCHs in surface water were consist of 26.7 % α-HCH, 30.0 % β-HCH, 37.9 % γ-HCH and 5.45 % δ-HCH and those in SPM contained 5.16 % α-HCH, 22.1 % β-HCH, 60.5 % γ-HCH and 12.2 % δ-HCH on average. Combined with ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH in surface water (0.70) and in SPM (0.09), the results strongly indicated that lindane was recently used or discharged in the studied area. The mean percentage of DDTs′ isomers were 28.7 % p,p′-DDT, 29.8 % o,p′-DDT, 28.1 % p,p′-DDE and 13.4 % p,p′-DDD in surface water, while those were 12.5 % p,p′-DDT, 31.8 % o,p′-DDT, 30.5 % p,p′-DDE and 25.1 % p,p′-DDD in SPM. The ratios of (DDE + DDD)/∑DDTs and o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT revealed that the DDTs in the studied area mainly derived from long-term weathering of technical DDTs residue and the input of dicofol.     

左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石存在条件下对大肠杆菌的毒性效应

采用批实验研究了蒙脱石对左氧氟沙星的吸附机理及对左氧氟沙星抗菌作用的影响。结果表明,中性条件下存在培养基时,左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石上前2 h即达到吸附平衡,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附方程,吸附率达90%以上;蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星存在阳离子交换作用、氢键作用、疏水作用、阳离子键桥作用、静电吸附作用等物理化学过程;蒙脱石本身不具有抑菌、杀菌活性,且由于蒙脱石增大了微生物附着的比表面积,在特定情况下可以促进微生物的生长;扣除其对微生物生长的促进作用后,蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星降低了后者的毒性效应,其抑菌率降低约25%。上述结果为进一步研究抗生素在环境中的毒理效应提供了基础依据。     

Is there an inverted U-shaped curve? Empirical analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in agrochemicals

As the largest contributor to water impairment, agriculture-related pollution has attracted the attention of scientists as well as policy makers, and quantitative information is being sought to focus and advance the policy debate. This study applies the panel unit root, heterogeneous panel cointegration, and panel-based dynamic ordinary least squares to investigate the Environmental Kuznets Curve on environmental issues resulting from use of agricultural synthetic fertilizer, pesticide, and film for 31 provincial economies in mainland China from 1989 to 2009. The empirical results indicate a positive long-run co-integrated relationship between the environmental index and real GDP per capita. This relationship takes on the inverted U-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve, and the value of the turning point is approximately 10,000–13,000, 85,000–89,000 and over 160,000 CNY, for synthetic fertilizer nitrogen indicator, fertilizer phosphorus indicator and pesticide indicator, respectively. At present, China is subject to tremendous environmental pressure and should assign more importance to special agriculture-related environmental issues.     

利用POCIS技术监测城市地表水中全氟化合物

采用一种针对水体中全氟化合物的改进的极性有机化合物整合采样技术(POCIS)进行了不同水流速度下污染物的吸附动力学,以及水流速度对全氟化合物在该采样器上采样速率的影响研究.结果表明,在不同水流速度下7种全氟化合物在放置时间10d内呈线性关系.POCIS对全氟化合物的采样速率随着水流速度(0.085~0.0018m/s)的降低而减小,但是对个别物质如全氟十一酸的采样速率无明显影响.将所建立的POCIS采样方法应用于南京市地表水中,并与常规的主动监测方法进行比较,发现利用POCIS采样技术推算出的污染物时间权重浓度和两次主动采样测定浓度基本一致.     

超声空化及絮体破碎过程的模拟与试验分析

为探究利于空化效应的超声条件及超声波破碎絮体机理,基于Matlab平台建立空化气泡模型及2种简化的有限扩散聚集(DLA)絮体破碎模型,进行计算机仿真,并通过试验分析得到实际絮体破碎模式.结果表明:随着超声频率的增加,空化效应减弱;声能密度的增加导致空化气泡振幅增大,声能密度为7W/mL时气泡振幅可达初始半径的200倍,空化效果较好.低声能密(0.03~3W/mL)和低超声频率(25~40kHz)处理絮体时,剥蚀作用为主导作用,超声后絮体粒径减小,分形维数增大;声能密度超过3W/mL或频率大于40kHz,大规模破碎占主导作用,实际絮体粒径减幅小且结构散.40kHz的超声频率更利于絮体的破碎,作用10min后,絮体粒径减幅达9.8%,分形维数为1.394,结构更加密实.     

我国海岛潮间带贝类体中重金属含量及其评价

以2007年5月~2008年10月我国典型海岛潮间带贝类体内重金属检测结果为基础,探讨了我国海岛潮间带贝类体中重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg)含量水平.结果表明,研究区各海岛潮间带贝类体内以Zn、Cu较高, Pb、Cd和Cr较低, Hg最低;与上世纪九十年代初的数据比较,变化不明显.根据《海洋生物质量》标准,评价了各海岛潮间带贝类体中重金属污染水平.分析表明各种重金属含量均有一定程度的超标, Zn超标较严重, Cu和Cd次之,其余较轻.原因可能与陆源污染物排放和贝类对不同金属的富集能力有关.     

华南地区大气气溶胶中EC和水溶性离子粒径分布特征

利用1988~2010年在华南地区广州、深圳、海口等多地采得的126组样品,初步分析了华南地区不同时段不同地区和水溶性离子成分的浓度变化及其粒径分布特征.结果表明:各站的AEC(等效元素碳)浓度和水溶性无机离子浓度差异较大,Na+和Cl-基本表现为海岛站点>海岸站点>乡村站点>城市站点,其余主要离子成分和AEC则表现为城市站点>乡村站点>海岸站点>海岛.城市站点、乡村站点、海岸站点和海岛站点AEC质量浓度在不同年段随粒径分布的变化趋势比较一致的,基本呈双峰结构,主峰主要位于0.43~0.65mm,次峰主要位于4.7~5.8mm.根据各离子的粒径分布的相似性可以将各种离子的垂直分布形态分为3类:二次离子(SO42-、NO3-和NH4+)呈现明显的三峰分布形态;F-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+和Cl-呈双峰分布形态;K+和AEC呈单峰分布形态,主峰位于细粒子模态.各成分浓度随高度的变化则呈现不同的变化规律.降水对气溶胶粒子的清除作用是显著的,尤其是粒径大于1μm的颗粒,而1.1~2.1μm的粒子段是降水清除的关键区.局地污染中,AEC质量浓度随粒径的分布呈现出了很明显的“单峰”结构,且主要集中在次微米段粒径范围内.     

快速城市化进程中海岛景观格局演变及驱动机制以大长山岛为例

城市化进程改变了区域的景观结构,引起了景观格局的变化。以大长山岛两期景观分布图为数据源,运用景观生态学的理论与方法,利用景观格局指数定量分析了1995~2006年景观格局的动态变化特征,在此基础上借助CA-Markov模型对大长山岛2017年景观格局进行了模拟与预测,并探讨了景观格局演变驱动机制。结果表明:大长山岛在快速城市化的进程中,景观格局演变的总规律为自然景观向人文景观转变。1995~2006年间,主要表现为农用地、草地、商业及工矿用地面积减少,园林地、水体及水利设施、居民点及公共服务和其它用地增加;而2006~2017年间,表现为农用地、草地、园林地面积减少,居民点及公共服务、水体及水利设施、商业及工矿用地和其它用地增加,但在此期间各景观类型的面积减少和增加的速度有所放缓。     

不同价态Mn离子对刺参幼参急性毒性效应及富集作用

静水条件下,研究了Mn2+与Mn7+对刺参幼参行为和存活的影响,并分析了其在幼参体内的富集状况。结果表明,幼参在0.8 ~ 16 mg/L浓度范围内的Mn2+暴露96 h后死亡率均为0.0%,Mn2+在此浓度范围内无明显的急性毒性作用;但暴露于0.1 ~ 6.5 mg/L Mn7+中时,幼参的死亡率随浓度和暴露时间增加而升高。暴露48 h时,幼参的死亡率与Mn7+的浓度呈极显著正相关(P 0.01),Mn7+浓度高于0.5 mg/L时即对幼参表现出明显的急性毒性作用,其安全浓度(SC)为0.31 mg/L,Mn7+对幼参的急性毒性作用强于Mn2+。随着水体中Mn2+与Mn7+浓度的增加,幼参体内Mn元素含量和累积速率均逐渐升高,但富集系数变化存在较大差异。Mn7+在幼参体内的富集作用强于Mn2+。