石化工业园员工PAHs的皮肤暴露及健康风险

本文选取典型石化城市茂名市某石化工业园30名员工(男女各15名)进行裸露(额头、手掌)和遮蔽皮肤部位(前臂、小腿)的擦拭采样,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了擦拭样品中15种多环芳烃的浓度(∑₁₅PAHs)并计算了经皮肤暴露和手-口接触的人体暴露剂量。结果表明,皮肤样品中∑₁₅PAHs的浓度范围为21~1.9×10⁴ng/m²,不同部位间PAHs浓度存在显著性差异(P<0.01),表现为额头>手掌>前臂>小腿。PAHs以3~4环PAHs组成为主。男女性别间PAHs组成无显著差异,∑₁₅PAHs女性高于男性,但无统计差异性。经皮肤吸收的PAHs日暴露剂量(DAD_derm)女性[41ng/(kg×d)]显著高于男性[28ng/(kg×d)]。手-口接触暴露剂量[0.34ng/(kg×d)]相比于皮肤暴露剂量[34ng/(kg×d)]可忽略不计。皮肤暴露剂量主要来自裸露部位皮肤的贡献(88%)。风险评价结果表明,PAHs的皮肤暴露和手-口接触暴露不存在明显的非致癌风险;但约7%员工的皮肤致癌风险高于可接受的水平(10^-4),表明存在一定的PAH致癌风险。     

Selective elimination of chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

Effluent organic matter (EfOM) from municipal wastewater treatment plants potentially has a detrimental effect on both aquatic organisms and humans. This study evaluated the removal and transformation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant under different seasons. The results showed that bio-treatment was found to be more efficient in removing bulk DOM (in terms of dissolved organic carbon, DOC) than CDOM and FDOM, which was contrary to the disinfection process. CDOM and FDOM were selectively removed at various stages during the treatment. Typically, the low molecular weight (MW) fractions of CDOM and protein-like FDOM were more efficiently removed during bio-treatment process, whereas the humic-like FDOM exhibited comparable decreases in both bio-treatment and disinfection processes. Overall, the performance of the WWTP was weak in terms of CDOM and FDOM removal, resulting in enrichment of CDOM and FDOM in effluent. Moreover, the total removal of the bulk DOM (P < 0.05) and the protein-like FDOM (P < 0.05) displayed a significant seasonal variation, with higher removal efficiencies in summer, whereas removal of CDOM and the humic-like FDOM showed little differences between summer and winter. In all, the results provide useful information for understanding the fate and transformation of DOM, illustrating that sub-fractions of DOM could be selectively removed depending on treatment processes and seasonality.     

Inhibitor resistance and in situ capability of nanoparticle based gene quantification

We have demonstrated the preliminary results of the in situ monitoring capability of an inhibitor resistant gene quantification assay using magnetic bead (MB) and quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles (hereafter "MB-QD assay") for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in environmental samples. The selectivity of the MB-QD assay was demonstrated via the discrimination of the target bacteria in the presence of nonspecific microbial populations. The effect of temperature on the assay was examined to evaluate the necessity of elevated temperature incubation. The reagents (i.e., particle complex and particle-DNA conjugate) were also shown to have a stability of at least 10 days without refrigeration, therefore enabling prior preparation and the subsequent storage of these reagents. In addition, it was found that the MB-QD assay was resistant to the presence of naturally occurring inhibitors (i.e., humic acids, Ca(2+)) and residual reagents from DNA extraction (i.e., surfactant, ethanol). Overall the results indicated that the MB-QD assay is potentially suitable for further development as an in situ bacteria monitoring method for working with inhibitor laden samples without requiring additional purification steps and elevated temperature processes.     

克雷伯氏菌对三苯基锡的酶促降解特性

研究了肺炎克雷伯氏菌对三苯基锡(TPhT)的酶促降解性能,并对酶促反应影响因素的作用机制进行了探讨,以期为阐明有机锡的微生物降解机制提供实验依据.研究证明,菌体、分泌物和胞内降解酶均具有降解TPhT的能力,在30℃转速为130.rm in-1的摇床中避光处理2 h后,对3 mg.L-1TPhT的降解率分别为10.9%、5.3%和47.9%.影响因素实验表明,降解介质、pH、温度、TPhT浓度和金属离子均会对TPhT的酶促降解效果产生影响,其中TPhT酶促反应的最适pH和温度分别为8和50℃.Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+和Fe3+在合适的浓度范围内,均会促进TPhT的降解.当Mg2+的浓度为15 mg.L-1时,胞内酶对TPhT的降解率高达73.8%.金属离子的促进效果主要与其对酶的激活、作为电子受体或电子供体参与TPhT酶促降解等作用有关.TPhT的降解速率与其浓度呈现理想的线性关系.该反应的Vm ax和Km分别为0.15 mg.(L.m in)-1和47.1 mg.L-1.     

基于主成分分析法研究内蒙古环境质量的统计分析

生态环境问题一直以来制约着西部地区的经济发展,内蒙古作为以资源型开发为主要工业结构的自治区在这方面表现尤为突出。为了使内蒙古自治区借助实施西部大开发战略和开展生态环境建设的机会推进环境保护工作的进程,从环境污染和生态破坏角度运用主成分分析法评价内蒙古自治区2005年到2009年间环境质量。通过综合得分分析得出内蒙古环境质量逐年好转,而且环境质量整体优化速率逐年加快,通过主成分分析得到大气污染和工业污染是在不同领域影响自治区环境质量的主导因素,主要归因于内蒙古自治区工业结构以资源能源型为主、沙尘天气频繁出现以及追求经济快速增长所致的环境问题。     

典型电器工业区河涌沉积物中的多溴联苯醚空间和垂直分布

对珠江三角洲佛山市顺德区容桂镇电器工业区河涌沉积物多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的含量进行了空间和垂直分布研究.选择该镇中心城区内河涌作为研究河道,根据河涌水流情况选取8个采样点采集沉积物样品.所有样品中均检出PBDEs.各监测点的PBDEs总含量变化范围为62～349 ng.g-1(平均为178 ng.g-1),各采样点的浓度差异较大.其中,十溴联苯醚含量为56～337 ng.g-1(平均为171 ng.g-1),占PBDEs总含量的90%～99%(平均95%).所检测到的部分同系物(如BDE-196、197和203)可能是BDE-209的降解产物.PBDEs的垂直分布模式显示,0～10 cm层面样品的PBDEs浓度为147 ng.g-1,30～40 cm层面样品的PBDEs浓度为260 ng.g-1,PBDEs在沉积物中的丰度随垂直深度的增加而增加.12种同系物在采自各个深度层样品中的比例基本相同,由十溴工业品来源的BDE-209、208、207和206占总PBDEs的94%,而五溴和八溴所占比例较低.由此可见,该地区普遍存在PBDEs污染,其中十溴联苯醚是最主要污染物,这可能与十溴工业品是电器工业主要使用的阻燃材料相关.     

Re-evaluating the asymmetric economic policy uncertainty,conventional energy,and renewable energy consumption nexus for BRICS

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Economic policy uncertainty has increased throughout the world since the previous few decades. Moreover, economic policy uncertainty significantly...     

西沙永兴岛海域鱼体中non-PBDE类卤系阻燃剂的分布特征及人体暴露评估

在西沙永兴岛海域采集了鲍氏绿鹦嘴鱼、条纹胡椒鲷、太平洋裸颊鲷和黑边石斑鱼4种鱼类,分析研究了鱼样肌肉组织中非多溴联苯醚(non-PBDE)类卤系阻燃剂的含量、组成并对其人体暴露风险进行了评估.结果表明,十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)、德克隆(DP)、1,2-(2,4,6-三溴苯氧基)乙烷(BTBPE)、五溴甲苯(PBT)、六溴苯(HBB)、1,4-二(二溴甲基)苯(pTBX)、六溴联苯(PBB 153)等non-PBDE类卤系阻燃剂在永兴岛海域鱼体中均被检出,其浓度变化范围分别为17.2—137.1、21.1—88.8、nd—8.9、nd—4.3、nd—6.8、nd—15.9、nd—6.2 pg.g-1ww(湿重).条纹胡椒鲷、太平洋裸颊鲷和黑边石斑鱼3种肉食性鱼类中DBDPE和DP含量均显著高于草食性鱼类鲍氏绿鹦嘴鱼.DBDPE和DP是鱼体中最主要的non-PBDE类卤系阻燃剂,两者的平均贡献值达到了86%以上.人体食用永兴岛海鱼对non-PBDE类卤系阻燃剂的每日摄入量为3.4—8.6 ng.d-1,低于已有的相关报道值,食用永兴岛鱼类处于相对较低的暴露风险.     

寿光土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及风险评估

以山东省寿光市为研究区域,采集了39个土壤样品,分析了26种PAHs的含量.结果表明,26种多环芳烃的浓度范围为120~1486μg/kg,平均值为(415±312)μg/kg.16种优控PAHs的浓度范围为84~1076μg/kg,平均值为(289±211)μg/kg.与我国其他区域非点源污染土壤相比,寿光市土壤中PAHs含量处于中等水平.采用克里格(Kriging)插值方法对寿光市土壤中PAHs的空间分布特征进行预测发现,该市PAHs高污染区位于东部开发区和西部工业园,高环与低环PAHs在空间分布上有明显差异.主成分分析结果显示,该市土壤中PAHs有3个主要来源,分别为液体化石燃料燃烧源、石油源以及煤燃烧源,其对主要来源的贡献率分别为44.7%、31.7%和23.6%.相关性分析表明,低环和高环PAHs与土壤有机质含量均显著相关,但低环PAHs的相关系数明显高于高环PAHs,表明低环PAHs更容易受到土壤中有机质的影响,而高环PAHs则受控于近距离沉降.对照荷兰的土壤管理标准,寿光市土壤中Flt和Phe超标较严重,TEQBaP以及致癌风险计算结果表明,寿光市土壤PAHs处于较低风险水平.     

山东省地下水硝酸盐溯源研究

针对山东全省农村地区进行地下水取样,采用离子交换色层法对地下水NO3--N质量浓度大于10 mg·L-1的地下水样品进行预处理,做溯源研究,同时采集当地植物、化学肥料、人畜粪便、土壤等样品,测定δ15N值,以针对山东地区,对现存的δ15N值数据库进行完善与补充,使本研究更具代表性与准确性。研究结果表明,如以研究区域整体为单位,有35.45%地下水样品的NO3--N来自于粪肥污染,有27.1%的地下水样品是受化肥污染,还有37.45%的地下水样品的NO3--N污染来自于化肥、粪肥以及生活污水的混合污染。作者还进一步分析了地下水中NO3--N平均质量浓度高于20 mg·L-1的烟台和潍坊,结果表明,烟台地区的地下水NO3--N污染有55.56%来自于粪肥污染,有5.56%来自于化肥污染,有38.88%来自于化肥、粪肥以及生活污水的混合污染;潍坊地区的地下水NO3--N污染有16.13%来自于粪肥污染,有48.39%来自于化肥污染,还有35.48%来自于化肥、粪肥以及生活污水的混合污染。