美国地表水环境监测管理体系及对我国的启示

简述了美国地表水监测管理体系,指出其健全的环境监测体系、完善的标准体系以及充分的信息公开和数据共享是保障水环境质量的基石、关键和枢纽。结合我国水环境监测管理的现状,提出,应加强水环境质量监测的立法工作,进一步完善水污染物排污许可证制度,建立以水环境质量为目标的水环境管理制度体系,进一步加大监测信息公开和数据共享力度,修订更适合我国的水环境质量监测指标。     

浅谈滨海湿地生态环境退化监测与评价

指出了滨海湿地面临的主要环境问题。简述了美国、欧洲、澳大利亚等滨海湿地现状及监测评价方法。对我国滨海湿地管理与研究进展进行了分析探索。     

江苏省空气质量预报准确度及改进方法分析

介绍了江苏省重污染天气监测预报预警系统以及大气重污染预警会商流程,将2015年13个地级市的模式预报、人工预报结果分别与实际观测值进行比较。结果表明:人工预报更准确,PM_(2.5)日均值、臭氧日最大8 h平均值、AQI 3个指标人工预报和实况的相关性分别比模式预报高出12.8%、0.3%、11.4%,平均标准误差(MNE)分别低20.7%、3.1%、23.1%。依据国家空气质量预报技术指南评分办法,对各市2015年全年空气质量级别为"良"时进行评分。通过开展07∶00预报更新,使2015年上半年空气质量预报级别得分平均提高了0.9分,全年级别得分平均提高了2.6分;通过改进模式预报参数,使PM_(2.5)日均预报值、臭氧日最大8 h平均预报值、AQI预报值和实际观测值的相关性比上年同期分别提高26.0%、5.0%、33.9%,MNE分别降低3.6%、31.3%、7.6%。     

CMT监测井在黑河流域地下水监测中的应用

以CMT监测井在黑河流域的应用为基础,通过对监测数据和采集的水样进行分析,了解了黑河流域地下水水位动态变化,掌握了黑河流域地下水水化学垂向分布规律,为合理利用黑河流域水资源提供了科学依据。     

2013年春夏季莱州湾海水环境要素特征和富营养化评估

根据2013年5（春季）、8月（夏季）莱州湾海水环境要素的调查资料,采用富营养化指数、潜在性富营养化评价模式和灰色聚类分析方法研究环境要素特征和评估海水富营养化状况。结果表明,无机氮是莱州湾水质的主要污染要素,春夏季的N/P平均值分别为100.76、117.84,潜在性富营养化评价模式结果表明,春夏季各站位的营养级均只包括Ⅳ_P、Ⅵ_P两类,磷限制为莱州湾的营养盐结构特征;富营养化指数评价结果表明,春季和夏季E>1站位比例分别为65%、20%;灰色聚类分析结果表明,春季Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级的站位比例分别为95%、5%,夏季Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的站位比例分别为70%、25%,Ⅱ级中的部分站位具有较大潜在富营养化风险。     

大连市臭氧污染特征及典型污染日成因

通过对大连市区10个空气监测子站的监测数据进行分析,探讨了大连市臭氧污染的时空分布、气象条件对臭氧污染的影响,对臭氧污染日进行了归类分析。结果表明,大连市臭氧污染主要出现在4—10月。在强紫外辐射、高温、低湿、低压和低风速的气象条件下,监测点位的臭氧浓度较高。臭氧污染日的日变化分为单峰型、双峰型和夜间持续升高型3种类型。通过对2015年的一次高浓度臭氧污染过程的气象条件、污染物浓度和污染气团轨迹进行分析,发现臭氧浓度在夜间持续升高现象与区域输送密切相关。     

树状河流突发污染事故源强确定方法研究

源强确定在突发污染事故的预警与应急过程中极为重要。本文针对树状河流的特性,将污染源搜索和源强反算的方法结合起来构建了树状河流突发污染事故源强确定的一般方法,并利于假设的突发污染事故情形对方法就行了评估。结果表明,监测数据的误差对计算结果的影响很大,源强的计算结果相比事故的地点与发生时间更为敏感。     

Dissipation and residue of triforine in strawberry and soil

Two independent field trials were performed in Guangdong and Hubei, China in 2011 to investigate the dissipation and residue levels of triforine in strawberry and soil. A fast and simple method using gas chromatography with electron capture detector was developed and validated to determine triforine levels in strawberry and soil. The average recovery of triforine in strawberry ranged from 87.46 to 104.32 % with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.72 to 4.54 %; that in soil ranged from 83.82 to 103.01 % with an RSD of 3.89 to 4.36 %. The limit of quantification of the proposed method was 0.01 mg/kg for both strawberry and soil. The results suggest that the triforine dissipation curves followed the first-order kinetic. The half-lives of triforine in strawberry from Guangdong and Hubei were 3.58 and 4.42 days, respectively; those in soil were 3.53 and 4.10 days, respectively. The terminal residues of triforine in strawberry ranged from 0.032 to 0.264 mg/kg at preharvest intervals of 0.5, 1, and 3 days. These values are lower than the maximum residue limit of 1 mg/kg in strawberry set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.     

Spatial and seasonal characteristics of river water chemistry in the Taizi River in Northeast China

Anthropogenic activities have led to water quality deterioration in many parts of the world, especially in Northeast China. The current work investigated the spatiotemporal variations of water quality in the Taizi River by multivariate statistical analysis of data from the 67 sampling sites in the mainstream and major tributaries of the river during dry and rainy seasons. One-way analysis of variance indicated that the 20 measured variables (except pH, 5-day biological oxygen demand, permanganate index, and chloride, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus concentrations) showed significant seasonal (p?≤?0.05) and spatial (p?<?0.05) variations among the mainstream and major tributaries of the river. Hierarchical cluster analysis of data from the different seasons classified the mainstream and tributaries of the river into three clusters, namely, less, moderately, and highly polluted clusters. Factor analysis extracted five factors from data in the different seasons, which accounted for the high percentage of the total variance and reflected the integrated characteristics of water chemistry, organic pollution, phosphorous pollution, denitrification effect, and nitrogen pollution. The results indicate that river pollution in Northeast China was mainly from natural and/or anthropogenic sources, e.g., rainfall, domestic wastewater, agricultural runoff, and industrial discharge.