B方针:拯救一颗行星与文明

地下水位下降,气温上升,水土流失和沙漠化,可能导致粮食价格的上涨.翻倍的谷物价格能够扰乱全球的经济发展,而且这也必然成为世界觉醒的召唤.从这一点看问题就很清楚:A方针--惯常的所做所为--再也不能继续下去了.B方针的3个原则构成是:提高全球水的生产率;中止人口增长;降低碳的排放以稳定气候.     

Trace metal concentrations in marine macroalgae from different biotopes in the Aegean Sea

The commonest species of red, brown, and green macroalgae were sampled from a range of biotopes in the Aegean Sea and analysed for five different trace metals. Significant differences in metal concentrations were found among different seaweed species from the same biotope. The concentrations of metals in the various seaweed species may reflect their morphology, with those having a larger surface area having a greater internal content. Different species of seaweed have different affinities for different heavy metals. This may reflect competition between metals for binding or uptake sites in the seaweed. Comparing metal concentrations in algae among the studied sampling stations clearly indicates that the degree of accumulation depends not only on human activities but also on the geology of the specific area. While seaweed can be used successfully to assess the levels of heavy metals in the marine environment, not all elevated concentrations of heavy metals necessarily reflect increased levels of pollution. Indeed, the high concentrations of certain metals, e.g., Ni, found in our seaweed samples reflected the metaliferrous nature of the rock. It is therefore important to take account of a region's geology before attempting to interpret the data.     

Ecosystem function in alluvial tailings after biosolids and lime addition

Municipal biosolids and agricultural limestone were incorporated into the surface of alluvial highly acidic, metal-contaminated mine tailings in Leadville, CO, in 1998. Amended sites were seeded and a plant cover was subsequently established. A range of chemical and biological parameters were measured over time to determine if treatment was sufficient to restore ecosystem function. An uncontaminated upstream control (UUC), a contaminated vegetated area (CVA), and soils collected from the tailings deposits before amendment addition were used for comparison. Standard soil extracts showed decreases in extractable Pb, Zn, and Cd in the amended soils. Increased CO2 evolution, reduced N2O, and elevated NO3- in the amended tailings indicated an active microbial community. Levels of CO2 and NO3- were elevated in comparison with the CVA and UUC. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and earthworm (Eisenia foetida) survival and metal uptake values were similar in amended tailings to a laboratory control soil. Ryegrass and worms in unamended tailings died. Field plant diversity was lower in amended areas than in CVA or UUC, with a higher percentage of the vegetative cover consisting of grasses. Small mammal analysis showed a low potential for elevated body Cd and Pb in the amended tailings. A re-entrainment study using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) showed no danger for resuspended amended tailings, as survival of fish was similar to the laboratory control. Data suggest that ecosystem function has been restored to the amended tailings, but that these systems are not yet in equilibrium.     

Integrated Approaches in Urban Storm Drainage: Where Do We Stand?

Integrated approaches to urban stormwater drainage management are being increasingly advocated as necessary for advancing more sustainable and holistic management of urban water environments. In this paper, the status of integrated approaches in the management of urban stormwater discharges to receiving waterways is summarized. The starting point of the paper is with the recent scientific contributions, revealing that integration is being pursued and implemented predominantly at two conceptual levels. These include 1) integrating the technical system with the receiving waterway environment, and 2) considering the interaction and influence of the human system with the technical system through processes such as stakeholder and public participation. Additionally, it is argued that the evolving shift towards the implementation of water-quality-based strategies advances the need for further development and application of integrated models and approaches. The cases of online physically based models for predictive control and integrated source control and public participation are presented as examples of such ongoing developments in pursuit of integrated urban stormwater management.     

Toxicity studies on the components of an oil-spill emulsifier using Lichina pygmaea and Xanthoria parietina

Previous work on lichens suggested that the toxic component of the oil-spill emulsifier BP 1002 might be the surfactant rather than the solvent, to which toxicity is usually attributed. The effect of the emulsifier on both Lichina pygmaea and Xanthoria parietina (measured by reduced total photosynthetic ¹⁴C-fixation and enhanced loss of labelled material from the lichen) was shown to be mainly due to Surfactant B (coconut fatty diethanolamide) altering the permeability of the algal cell membranes. Surfactant A (nonylphenol ethylene oxide condensate) was less inhibitory but, by comparison with the response of free-living algae to the emulsifier, induced both leakiness and lysis of the blue-green algal cells in L. pygmaea. Pure solvent slightly reduced total ¹⁴C-fixation without altering the pattern of ¹⁴C-fixation. Observations on pigment removal showed the solvent to be capable of removing only the extra-cellular pigment parietin; Surfactant B induced loss of lipid- and water-soluble intracellular pigments.     

Spatial relationships and matrilineal kinship in African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) clans

African savanna elephants, Loxodonta africana, live in stable family groups consisting of adult females and their dependent offspring. During the dry season, clans consisting of several family groups typically share a common home range. We compared spatial relationships and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes among 14 adult female elephants within 3 clans during the dry season in northern Zimbabwe. Spatial relationships were studied by radio-tracking. Home-range similarity was quantified by correlating the estimated utilization distributions of all pairs of elephants. Clans were identified by cluster analysis of the home-range similarity values. All three clans contained at least two of the five mtDNA haplotypes that were found, indicating that clan members are not necessarily matrilineally related. Within clans, home ranges of elephants with the same haplotype were not significantly more similar to each other than those of elephants with different haplotypes. Most elephants within each clan used their shared home ranges independently of each other: the distribution of distances between their positions at any given time did not differ from the distribution expected by chance. However, 8 out of the 26 within-clan pairs exhibited long-term coordination of space use by remaining within known hearing distance of each others low-frequency calls significantly more often than expected by chance. At least four of these coordinated pairs consisted of animals in different family groups. Elephants in three of the four different-family pairs whose movements were coordinated had different haplotypes. Further research is needed to determine the relationship between these coordinated movements and conventionally defined bond-group behavior.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at .Communicated by C. Nunn     

Measuring the Net Economic Value of Recreational Boating as Water Levels Fluctuate1

Abstract: The purpose of this article was to show how the value of recreational boating can be assessed and how that value can be linked to water levels. Data were gathered via a survey of recreational boaters to determine days boated and willingness‐to‐pay (net economic value) for boating on Lake Ontario and on the St. Lawrence River in 2002. Depth measurements were taken at marinas and yacht clubs, boat launch ramps, and private docks. Stage‐damage curves were used to pinpoint at what water levels and to what extent boaters would be impacted. Boaters recreated an estimated 1.3 million days in 2002 and spent an estimated US$178 million in New York counties bordering Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. The mean net economic value per day per boat (above current expenditures) was $69.36, with an estimated total net economic value of US$90 million. Using Lake Ontario as an example, the stage‐damage curves show that the overall negative impact would be small, between 245 and 248 ft. Maintaining water levels within that range for the entire boating season would be ideal for Lake Ontario boaters and associated businesses.     

Effect of biosolids processing on lead bioavailability in an urban soil

The potential for biosolids products to reduce Pb availability in soil was tested on a high Pb urban soil with biosolids from a treatment plant that used different processing technologies. High Fe biosolids compost and high Fe + lime biosolids compost from other treatment plants were also tested. Amendments were added to a Pb-contaminated soil (2000 mg kg(-1) Pb) at 100 g kg(-1) soil and incubated for 30 d. Reductions in Pb bioavailability were evaluated with both in vivo and in vitro procedures. The in vivo study entailed feeding a mixture of the Pb-contaminated soil and AIN93G Basal Mix to weanling rats. Three variations of an in vitro procedure were performed as well as conventional soil extracts [diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and Ca(NO3)2] and sequential extraction. Addition of the high Fe compost reduced the bioavailability of soil Pb (in both in vivo and in vitro studies) by 37 and 43%, respectively. Three of the four compost materials tested reduced Pb bioavailability more than 20%. The rapid in vitro (pH 2.3) data had the best correlation with the in vivo bone results (R = 0.9). In the sequential extract, changes in partitioning of Pb to Fe and Mn oxide fractions appeared to reflect the changes in in vivo Pb bioavailability. Conventional extracts showed no changes in metal availability. These results indicate that addition of 100 g kg(-1) of high Fe and Mn biosolids composts effectively reduced Pb availability in a high Pb urban soil.