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891.
三峡库区大宁河流域非点源污染研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以大宁河流域巫溪水文站控制流域为研究对象,应用分布式非点源污染模型SWAT,利用实测流量、泥沙负荷及氮、磷负荷数据对模型进行了率定和验证,并模拟了大宁河流域的径流量和营养物质氮、磷的排放.结果表明,月平均流量在率定期和验证期的效率系数分别达到了0.93和0.62;泥沙负荷的效率系数分别为0.70和0.34;氨氮和总磷的效率系数分别达到了0.31和0.37.大宁河流域污染物质的排放存在着较大的空间差异,有机氮和有机磷的5年平均排放量区间分别为2.01~38.15和0.35~5.89 ks/(hm2·a),其中,流域西南部子流域的有机氮和有机磷平均排放量最大,分别为38.15和5.89 ks/(hm2·a),是大宁河流域污染物排放的最敏感区域.  相似文献   
892.
Phytoplankton variation in large shallow eutrophic lakes is characterized by high spatial and temporal heterogenity. Understanding the pattern of phytoplankton variation and the relationships between it and environmental variables can contribute to eutrophic lakes management. In this study Taihu Lake, one of the largest eutrophic fresh water lake in China, was taken as study area. The water body of Taihu Lake was divided into five regions viz. Wuli bay (WB), Meilian Bay (MB), West Taihu Lake (WTL), Main Body of Taihu Lake (MBTL) and East Taihu Lake (ETL). Concentrations of chlorophyll-a and the related environmental variables were determined in each region in the period 2000–2003. Factor analysis and multivariate analysis were applied to evaluate the interactions between phytoplankton variation and environmental variables. Results showed that the highest average concentrations of TN, TP and Chl-a were observed in WB, followed in a descending order by MB and WTL, and the lowest concentrations of TN, TP and Chl-a were observed in MBTL and ETL. Chl-a and TP concentrations in most regions (except ETL) declined during the study period. It suggested that to some extent the lake was recovering from eutrophication. However, persistent ascending of TN and NH4–N in all five regions indicated the deteriorating of water quality in the study period. Results of multivariate showed that the relationships between phytoplankton biomass and environmental variables varied among regions. TP illustrated itself a controlling role on phytoplankton in WB, MB, WTL and MBTL according to the significant positive relations to phytoplankton biomass in these regions. Nitrogen could be identified as a limiting factor to phytoplankton biomass in ETL in view of the positive correlations between TN and phytoplankton and between NH4–N and phytoplankton. Spatial variation of interactions between phytoplankton and environmental parameters suggested proper eutrophication control measures were needed to restore ecological system in each region of Taihu Lake.  相似文献   
893.
Characteristics of real-world vehicular emissions in Chinese cities   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
On-board emission measurements were performed on 49 light-duty gasoline vehicles in seven cities of China. Vehicle-specific power mode distribution and emission characteristics were analyzed based on the data collected. The results of our study show that there were significant differences in different types of roads. The emission factors and fuel consumption rates on arterial roads and residential roads were approximately 1.4-2 times those on freeways. The carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides emission factors of Euro II vehicles were on average 86.2, 88.2, and 64.5% lower than those of carburetor vehicles, respectively. The new vehicle emission standards implemented in China had played an important role in reducing individual vehicle emissions. More comprehensive measures need to be considered to reduce the total amount of emissions from vehicles.  相似文献   
894.
In Asia, limited studies have been published on the association between daily mortality and gaseous pollutants of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Our previous studies in Wuhan, China, demonstrated long-term air pollution effects. However, no study has been conducted to determine mortality effects of air pollution in this region. This study was to determine the acute mortality effects of the gaseous pollutants in Wuhan, a city with 7.5 million permanent residents during the period from 2000 to 2004. There are approximately 4.5 million residents in Wuhan who live in the city's core area of 201 km2, where air pollution levels are highest, and pollution ranges are wider than the majority of the cities in the published literature. We used the generalized additive model to analyze pollution, mortality, and covariate data. We found consistent NO2 effects on mortality with the strongest effects on the same day. Every 10-microg/m3 increase in NO2 daily concentration on the same day was associated with an increase in nonaccidental (1.43%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87-1.99%), cardiovascular (1.65%; 95% CI: 0.87-2.45%), stroke (1.49%; 95% CI: 0.56-2.43%), cardiac (1.77%; 95% CI: 0.44-3.12%), respiratory (2.23%; 95% CI: 0.52-3.96%), and cardiopulmonary mortality (1.60%; 95% CI: 0.85-2.35%). These effects were stronger among the elderly than among the young. Formal examination of exposure-response curves suggests no-threshold linear relationships between daily mortality and NO2, where the NO2 concentrations ranged from 19.2 to 127.4 microg/m3. SO2 and O3 were not associated with daily mortality. The exposure-response relationships demonstrated heterogeneity, with some curves showing nonlinear relationships for SO2 and O3. We conclude that there is consistent evidence of acute effects of NO2 on mortality and suggest that a no-threshold linear relationship exists between NO2 and mortality.  相似文献   
895.
毛竹林各组分能量估算模型的研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
在建瓯设置40块毛竹林标准地,分别测定了毛竹单株各部分干重与能量,建立了各部分生物量模型,并在此基础上,运用人工神经网络方法对毛竹林各组分能量进行估测.结果表明毛竹林各组分秆、枝叶和地下部分的平均能量依次为4.23225×10  相似文献   
896.
大玉竹低聚糖硫酸酯抗HSV-2病毒活性的研究   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
从传统中药大玉竹中提取低聚糖Poos,用吡啶-氯磺酸法制备了它的硫酸酯衍生物S-Poos,产物经红外鉴定,证实Poos硫酸酯化后羟基连上硫酸基,硫含量为8.47%,取代度(Ds)为0.6体外实验研究了Poos、S-Poos对非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)的细胞毒怀和抗单纯疱疹病毒2型(HSV-2)活性。结果表明,Poos和S-Poos都无细胞毒性。Poos本身无抗病毒活性,对HSV-2引起的细胞病变和  相似文献   
897.
蒋新  和文祥  Mueller P 《环境化学》2000,19(5):414-418
秀谷隆是一种被广泛应用的取代脲类除草剂,其主要降解产物为4-溴苯胺(4-BA),研究4-溴苯胺在不同土壤中的降解动力学规律,并用土壤环境指示动物弹尾目跳虫Collembola(Folsomia candida)跟踪指示该化合物在进一步降解过程中的毒性,结果表明:4-溴苯胺在土壤中的降解行为可用一级反应动力学方程来较好地描述,其生态毒性明显高于母体化合物秀谷隆,该化合物在粘土中的残留量低于砂土,但毒  相似文献   
898.
贵州普定后寨河流域岩溶生态脆弱性的模糊综合评价   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
本文介绍了基于模糊数学理论的岩溶生态脆弱性评价方法,选取了平均坡度、森林覆盖率、石山裸露、耕地面积、水土流失、人口密度、.人均耕地、人均粮食、人均收入9个主要因素作为评价因素,并以贵州省普定县后寨河流域为例进行了具体计算与分析。评判结果表明:该研究区生态脆弱形势较为严重,在13个典型喀斯特村中有7个属于强度脆弱或极强度脆弱区,2个属于中度脆弱,属于轻度脆弱的有4个,因而需大力加强生态环境保护和重建工作。  相似文献   
899.
木质纤维素原料预处理技术研究近况   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
孟卓  郑正  杨世关  李继红 《四川环境》2007,26(4):113-118
木质纤维素的结构导致其不易降解。通过酸处理、碱处理、液态高温水技术、爆破处理、湿式氧化、超临界CO2处理、生物降解等预处理手段,可使后续过程的效率大大提高。较为全面地对国内外木质纤维素原料预处理技术的研究近况做了总结,主要对国外学者的试验方法和现象分析进行了简要描述,并对萼合于我国的方法提出了自己的观点。  相似文献   
900.
Eighty eight surface soil samples were collected from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDXs) and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs). The measured concentrations were 51.8 ± 38.5 ng g(-1), 0.329 ± 0.818 ng g(-1), and 0.467 ± 0.741 ng g(-1) as means and standard deviations of PAHs, DDXs, and HCHs, respectively, which were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those reported for eastern China. Significant differences were also revealed among four sub-areas within QTP. PAHs detected in the samples from the remote sub-areas of T'ang-ku-la/Hoh Xil Mountains and along the Qinghai-Tibet highway in the west and northwest of QTP were 1 order of magnitude lower than those from Lhasa and east Qinghai. The differences in soil OCPs among the sub-areas were 2-7 times. Soil PAHs were significantly correlated with emission density and soil organic carbon content (SOC), while OCPs were correlated significantly with the population density and SOC. Based on the calculated backward air mass trajectories and geographical distributions of emission and population, it was revealed that PAHs and OCPs accumulated in the soils in the west and northwest QTP were primarily from long-range transport and may represent the background levels of East Asia. This part of QTP can also serve as an important receptor area for regional or even global long-range transport study. The elevated concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in Lhasa and east Qinghai were mainly from local sources, while PAHs from adjacent Lanzhou area also contributed considerably to the accumulation of PAHs in east Qinghai.  相似文献   
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