武汉市新洲区耕地数量变化驱动机制分析

依据武汉市新洲区1996—2004年耕地面积和社会经济统计数据,运用主成分分析和回归分析方法分析了该区耕地面积变化的驱动因素。结果表明,近年来经济发展、人口增长、社会进步、畜牧业及工业发展是新洲区耕地面积减少的主要驱动因素。     

Speciation of gold(III)-L-histidine complex: a multi-instrumental approach

The formation and structure of gold (III)-L-histidine complex was investigated with the use of carbon (13C) and proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis (CE), capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (CE-ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), and laser desorption mass spectroscopy (LDMS). It was found that two L-histidine molecules and one gold ion slowly form a complex in acidic solution. Each L-histidine molecule provided two nitrogen ligands; one was the alpha-amino group and the other from the imidazole ring. The Au(III)-bis-L-histidine complex precipitates after deprotonation of the free carboxylic group, resulting in an increase in the solution acidity. Determination of the exact sequence of events and the identity of the complex was a comprehensive instrumental analysis problem involving the above techniques.     

时变条件下的有害物品运输的人口风险分析

随着工业的发展 ,有害物品运输量在逐年增加 ,有害物品对于人类威胁也在加大 ,有害物品运输的风险问题受到了广泛的关注。由于有害物品运输中 ,路径周围的人口密度随着时间的变化而变化 ,进而影响在运输过程中的人口风险。笔者在有时变情况下 ,对有害物品运输人口风险进行了分析 ;建立了估计人口风险的模型 ;获得了有害物品运输中的最小人口风险以及最佳出发时间 ;进一步完善了有害物品的运输的风险分析 ;为如何减少有害物品运输的人口风险提供了依据。     

Concentrations of formaldehyde and other carbonyls in environments affected by incense burning

Burning incense to pay homage to deities is common in Chinese homes and temples. Air samples were collected and analyzed for carbonyls from a home and a temple in Hong Kong where incense burning occurs on a daily basis. Carbonyls in the air were trapped on a solid sorbent coated with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine, followed by thermal desorption and subsequent GC/MS analysis. The carbonyls identified include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, 2-furfural, benzaldehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal. The levels of the above carbonyls correlate with the intensity of the incense-burning activities. The total mixing ratios of the carbonyls in the temple exceed those in the ambient air outside the temple by 11-23 times. Formaldehyde is the most abundant species, contributing to approximately 55% of the total carbonyl mixing ratios in both the temple and the home environments during incense burning. The mixing ratio of formaldehyde ranges from 108 to 346 ppbv in the temple and averages 103 ppbv in the home during incense burning. These values exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline of 100 microg m(-3) (88 ppbv) for formaldehyde. The highest formaldehyde level in the temple exceeds the WHO guideline by 3 times at peak incense burning hours. The mixing ratio of acrolein in the temple ranges from 20 to 99 ppbv, approaching or exceeding the WHO air quality guideline of 50 microg m(-3) (22 ppbv) for acrolein. Our measurements indicate that incense burning significantly elevates the concentrations of a number of carbonyls, most notably formaldehyde and acrolein, in the surrounding environments. This study provides preliminary insights on indoor air quality problems created by incense burning.     

Effects of trifluralin on soil microbial populations and the nitrogen fixation activities

Effects of trifluralin on soil microbial populations and the nitrogen fixation activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Bradyrhizobium japonicum and the decomposition of trifluralin by soil microorganisms were studied. Trifluralin at lower concentrations from 0.5 mg microg(-1) dry soil to lower than 10.0 mg microg(-1) dry soil appeared to stimulate the growth of soil bacteria, actinomycetes, mould, and the pure cultures of Br. japonicum and A. chroococcum. Not only the colony amounts of these two species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria increased, grown on agar medium containing lower concentrations of trifluralin, but also these colonies also enlarged in size and appeared obviously in shorter formation time. However, trifluralin at higher concentrations would inhibit the development of microbial colonies both in amount and size. Trifluralin inhibited the activity of acetylene reduction of A. chroococcum when it was added at the same time of inoculation with A. chroococcum, but it showed a noteworthy stimulation to nitrogen fixation of A.chroococcum when it was put into culture after the cells of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium had grown well. The observation that soil microorganisms could use trifluralin as sole carbon and nitrogen resources for their growth, indicated that microorganisms could decompose trifluralin well.     

Combined amendment reduces soil Cd availability and rice Cd accumulation in three consecutive rice planting seasons

The scientific application of stabilized materials has been considered an effective method for the in situ remediation of Cd-contaminated soil. This study aimed to investigate the persistence of the effect of a combined amendment of limestone and sepiolite(LS) on soil Cd availability and accumulation in rice grown in a mildly Cd-contaminated paddy field(0.45 mg/kg of Cd) over three consecutive rice seasons. 1125–4500 kg/ha of LS was applied to the soil before the first rice planting season and 5...     

西藏生物质能开发的资源、环境基础分析

开发生物质能是缓解能源供应紧张、环境污染严重这两大难题的理性选择。而由于生物质能蕴藏于生物质中,生物质又与区域自然地理特征息息相关,因此,各地发展生物质能具有明显的区域特性,不可一刀切。论文分析了西藏发展生物质能的资源条件和环境基础,认为西藏生物质能资源总量大而单位面积的生物净初级生产量不高,自然环境脆弱且生物质能利用与环境关系紧张。在前人关于西藏的太阳能、生物量、净初级生产量研究基础上,从生物质能转化过程的角度,提出了可利用生产量的概念及生物质能可持续利用的模式,继而估算出了西藏的生物质能资源总量2400×10⁴tce/a。最后,在肯定西藏生物质能开发的可行性的同时,提出了因地制宜,适度开发的战略。     

重金属絮凝剂DTMPAM去除Cr (Ⅵ)的性能与机理

以二硫代羧基化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺（DTMPAM）作为高分子絮凝剂,研究DTMPAM对水中Cr （Ⅵ）的去除性能,考察了DTMPAM投加量、pH值、Cr （Ⅵ）初始浓度以及共存浊度、无机物质、有机物质对DTMPAM处理含Cr （Ⅵ）废水性能的影响.结果表明,DTMPAM在酸性条件下对不同Cr （Ⅵ）初始浓度的含Cr （Ⅵ）水样均具有良好的去除效果,且Cr （Ⅵ）的去除率随着体系初始pH值的降低而升高;当pH值为3.0时,DTMPAM对Cr （Ⅵ）初始浓度为5,15,25和50mg/L水样中Cr （Ⅵ）的最高去除率分别达到94.78%,96.52%,96.53%和97.49%.共存浊度对DTMPAM去除Cr （Ⅵ）具有抑制作用.在低DTMPAM投加量下,共存无机阳离子K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺,共存无机阴离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Cl^-,以及共存有机物质柠檬酸钠、乙酸钠、三氯乙酸和氨基乙酸等对DTMPAM去除Cr （Ⅵ）均具有一定的抑制作用;而在高DTMPAM投加量下,这些物质的存在会对DTMPAM去除Cr （Ⅵ）表现出较小的促进作用.无机阳离子Fe³⁺、Ni²⁺、Ba²⁺的存在对DTMPAM去除Cr （Ⅵ）具有较明显的抑制作用,其中Ba²⁺的抑制作用最显著.红外光谱和能谱分析显示,DTMPAM高分子链上的二硫代羧基可将水样中Cr （Ⅵ）还原为Cr （Ⅲ）,Cr （Ⅲ）进一步和DTMPAM分子链上的二硫代羧基、胺基发生螯合反应形成絮体.     

污染土壤稳定化碳排放计算方法及案例研究

基于污染土壤稳定化全生命周期分析,确定碳排放核算边界,提出碳排放计算方法.稳定剂生产、基础设施建设、工程实施、稳定化土壤处置是污染土壤稳定化主要碳排放来源;方案设计、稳定化土壤养护和工程验收产生的碳排放量占总碳排放量的比例较小.基于提出的碳排放计算方法,评价了某砒霜厂遗留地块污染土壤原地异位稳定化的碳排放.结果表明,该工程总碳排放量为421516.31kg,稳定化每吨污染土壤的碳排放量为34.78kg;稳定剂原材料产生的碳排放是稳定化最主要的碳排放来源,占总碳排放量86.26%;其次为稳定剂原材料和稳定剂运输过程中运输工具能源消耗产生的碳排放,占总碳排放量10.82%.据此,研发低碳稳定剂和缩短材料运输距离是污染土壤稳定化碳减排的2个重要路径.