玄武湖轮虫夏季水平分布及其与环境因子的关系

2010年7月对南京玄武湖3个区域（荷花区、湖岸区、敞水区）轮虫的水平分布进行调查,并分析其与环境因子的关系。本次调查共检出轮虫25种,全湖轮虫优势种为裂痕龟纹轮虫、多肢轮虫、端生三肢轮虫和微型三肢轮虫。荷花区种类最多,且分布有蛭态类轮虫,但3个区域中轮虫优势种组成相似。3个区域轮虫丰度差异显著（〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<005）,敞水区最高（12 700.3±3 726.4 ind./L）,湖岸区（11 648.0±4 342.4 ind./L）次之,荷花区最低（8 646.9±3 798.5 ind./L）。3个区域的pH、悬浮物烧失量、总溶解氮和总悬浮颗粒物有显著差异（〖WTBX〗P<005）,而水温、总氮、总磷和总溶解磷则无显著差异（P〖WTBZ〗>005）。冗余分析表明,与轮虫水平分布相关的重要环境因子为pH、浮游甲壳动物丰度、总悬浮物、悬浮物烧失量和总溶解氮     

鳙幼鱼游泳能力和游泳行为的研究与评价

利用自制的鱼类游泳实验装置,采用递增流速法,研究了鳙幼鱼游泳能力和游泳行为。结果表明：鳙标准代谢率SMR实际测定值为18727±545 mgO2/(kg·h),方程拟合值为18281mgO2/(kg·h),实测值与拟合值接近;鳙耗氧率MO2与游泳速度U的拟合方程为MO2=18281+3983 U1.30,耗氧率幂函数方程中U的幂值为130,U的幂值越小游泳效率越高,说明鳙游泳效率较高;鳙临界游泳速度Ucrit为457±056 BL/s,与青鱼近似;鳙疲劳后的耗氧率迅速降低,在疲劳后45～60 min时耗氧率恢复到标准代谢率。鳙EPOC值为10716 mgO2/kg,说明鳙运动疲劳后的恢复能力较高;运动耗能COT与游泳速度相关关系曲线中,在4～6 BL/s时COT较低,说明此时鳙的能量利用效率较高,拟合方程为COT=664 U-1+131 U0.34;通过实验测定,鳙摆尾率TBF和游泳速度相关关系拟合方程为TBF=202+053 U。研究可为鱼道设计提供参考,对鳙保护具有指导意义     

鱼类生理和生态行为对河流生态因子响应研究进展

水利工程建设不仅阻断了河流的连续性,改变了河流生态因子,而且影响着河流水生生物,尤其是鱼类的生存、摄食、洄游、繁殖等行为。河流生态因子,如温度、流速、溶解氧浓度等,对鱼类生理和生态行为有显著性的影响。通过研究分析鱼类生理和生态行为与水力因子之间的关系,量化鱼类游泳过程中的能量消耗,结合生物学、生态工程、环境污染、管理等相关学科,建立更为精确的模型描述鱼类行为对水力因子的响应。结合河流生态因子研究鱼类生理及生态行为,对水利工程建设中鱼类资源的保护具有重要的意义。概述了水利工程建设对鱼类栖息生境的影响,归纳了目前国内外鱼类生理生态行为对河流生态因子响应研究内容及方法。同时,对以后研究重点和趋势进行了展望     

Simulation of Biomass Accumulation Pattern in Vapor-Phase Biofilters

Existence of inert biomass and its impact on biomass accumulation patterns and biofilter performance were investigated. Four biofilters were set up in parallel to treat gaseous toluene. Each biofilter operated under different inlet toluene loadings for 100 days. Two microbial growth models, one with an inert biomass assumption and the other without, were established and compared. Results from the model with the inert biomass assumption showed better agreement with the experimental data than those based on the model without the inert biomass assumption thus verifying that inert biomass accumulation cannot be ignored in the long-term operation of biofilters. According to the model with an inert biomass assumption, the ratio of active biomass to total biomass will decrease and the inert biomass will become dominant in total biomass after a period of time. Filter bed structure simulation results showed that the void fraction is more sensitive to biomass accumulation than the specific surface area. The final void fraction of the biofilters with the highest inlet toluene loading is only 67% of its initial level while the final specific surface area is 82%. Identification and quantification of inert biomass will give a better understanding of biomass accumulation in biofilters and will result in a more exact simulation of biomass change during long-term operations. Results also indicate that an ideal biomass control technique should be able to remove most inert biomass while simultaneously preserving as much active biomass as possible.     

Performance of hybrid vertical up- and downflow subsurface flow constructed wetlands in treating synthetic high-strength wastewater

The performance and temporal variation of hybrid vertical-subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) in response to two-stage combinations of vertical upflow (VUF) and vertical downflow (VDF) were analyzed in this research. The results of high carbon (C) treatment and high nitrogen (N) treatment were similar. The Lythrum salicaria treatment showed higher removal efficiency than CWs planted with Acorus calamus. Under high C- and N-loading treatments, the optimum two-stage combination was VDF-VUF VFCWs planted with A. calamus. Furthermore, the highest nutrient removal efficiencies were achieved in late summer (July and August) and early autumn (September). The chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen removal efficiencies were significantly affected (P?<?0.05) by season, system, and wetland plant.     

Prolonged environmental exposure of arsenic through drinking water on the risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes

Prolonged exposure to inorganic arsenic has been a severe environmental public health issue worldwide in the recent decades. Increasing evidence has suggested a possible role of prolonged arsenic exposure through drinking water in the development of arsenic-induced chronic noncancer diseases, among which hypertension and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are the focus of concern. Although exposure to high levels of arsenic has been reported to be associated with excess risk of hypertension or T2D in a dose-dependent manner, the association has yet to be established, especially low-level exposure. This cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the potential association between prolonged environmental arsenic exposure through drinking water and the prevalence of hypertension and T2D in Inner Mongolia, China, with emphasis on the assessment of low-level exposure. In this study (a total of 669 men and women), we found that the blood pressure levels were significantly correlated with cumulative arsenic exposure and that the systolic blood pressure of the subjects with arsenic exposure >50 μg/L was significantly higher than those of the subjects with <10 and 10–50 μg/L exposure. Significant prevalence of hypertension was found in the subjects of the >50 μg/L group both before and after adjustment for confounders. In addition, a significant negative relationship was found between urinary arsenic percentage of dimethylated arsenic (DMA%) and the prevalence of hypertension in the >50 μg/L group. However, low-level arsenic exposure (10–50 μg/L) was not statistically associated with hypertension. No significant difference of blood glucose was found among the groups with different arsenic exposure levels. No statistical association was found between arsenic exposure and T2D. Our findings suggested that prolonged arsenic exposure might play a role in the development of hypertension; however, only high-level arsenic was associated with the risk of hypertension. Our findings also indicated that lower DMA% might be related with the increased susceptibility of arsenic-induced hypertension.     

The effects of Herba Andrographitis hedgerows on soil erodibility and fractal features on sloping cropland in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

To evaluate if hedgerows could improve the soil physicochemical properties and enhance the soil anti-scouring and anti-shearing capabilities, the effects of Herba Andrographitis hedgerows on soil erodibility and fractal features on sloping cropland in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area were investigated. Results showed that: (1) the clay particle accumulation around the hedgerows was significantly affected by the hedgerows; (2) the fractal dimension of soil particles was positively correlated with both silt and clay contents and had a negative linear correlation with sand content; (3) fine-grained content significantly influenced fractal dimension of the soil particles; (4) soil erodibility K was significantly and positively correlated with the sand content (correlation coefficient r?=?0.870), but significantly and negatively correlated with the silt content (r?=??0.538), clay content (r?=??0.739), organic carbon content (r?=??0.603), the aggregation degree (r?=??0.486), and soil fractal dimension (r?=??0.538); and (5) the contents of organic matter and clay particles in the soil were found to be the effective indicators for soil erodibility at the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The hedgerows may improve soil fractal features and decrease soil erodibility. The effective distance between hedgerows on a slope of 10° was less than 6 m.     

湿热水解处理餐厨垃圾氮素转化规律

为了研究餐厨垃圾湿热水解过程中氮素的变化规律,设计了10、30、60、90和120℃5个温度水平以及30、60、90、120、150和180min6个加热时间水平,进行了30组完全实验,对不同湿热条件下餐厨垃圾粗蛋白、TN、NH4＋-N、NO3-N、有机氮及氨基酸等氮的不同存在形式的变化规律进行实验研究。结果表明,10、30及60℃条件下蛋白质的高级结构不会改变,利于粗蛋白的积累,且在温度120℃,加热时间90min条件下粗蛋白百分含量最高,占干物质的31．34％;随温度的升高和加热时间的延长TN、NHf-N和有机氮含量均上升;当温度达到120℃,由于水解反应,各温度处理下NHf．N浓度超过有机氮浓度,而NO3-N始终维持较低水平。氨基酸总量随温度的升高和水解时间的延长呈上升趋势,当温度达90％,加热时间达180min时,处理后餐厨垃圾总氨基酸百分含量最高,达164％,但温度达到120℃时,随着处理时间的延长,餐厨垃圾总氨基酸含量明显降低。     

碱熔预处理对粉煤灰溶解规律的影响及其动力学

在用粉煤灰合成沸石分子筛的过程中,粉煤灰在碱液中的溶解影响到合成反应的速率以及合成分子筛的性能。采用碱熔的方法处理粉煤灰,研究了粉煤灰在碱液中的溶解机理以及碱熔预处理对粉煤灰溶解规律的影响,并采用Noyes-Whitney方程分析其溶解动力学。结果表明,经过碱熔预处理的粉煤灰有36．11％的SiO2和16．33％的Al2O3转化为水溶性成分,剩余的非水溶性部分在碱液中的溶解速率也有大幅提高,硅铝离子达到平衡浓度的时间缩短,铝离子的平衡浓度有较大提升。Noyes-Whitney方程对粉煤灰在碱液中的溶解规律适用,相关系数都达到0．979以上。     

不同密度沉水植物腐解过程中水体DOM变化特征

选取白洋淀淀区的泥、水以及晒干的优势沉水植物金鱼藻、轮藻为研究对象,设置6个密度梯度模拟实验,分别于实验进行的50 d和100 d采集水样,运用紫外和荧光光谱技术研究沉水植物腐解阶段水体中溶解性有机质(DOM)的变化。结果显示,同步荧光光谱中,类蛋白峰荧光强度的变化不具规律性,类腐殖质峰荧光强度随密度的增加呈上升趋势,I2/I1的值随着密度的增加或时间的推移均逐渐增大;三维荧光光谱中,随着密度的增加,类富里酸荧光峰A和C的强度逐渐增加,而类色氨酸荧光峰T1的强度变化不大,腐解植物的密度大于3 kg/m3时各组均产生了类海洋腐殖质荧光峰B且强度随密度的增加逐渐增强,C峰的强度与水样中的COD和TP呈显著正相关;紫外光谱测定中,A253/A203的值随着密度的增加或时间的推移而逐渐增大,水体中的芳香族化合物也增多。