Levels and body distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in freshwater fishes from the Yangtze River, China

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were determined in muscle, liver and eggs of freshwater fishes from the lower reach of the Yangtze River, China. The present study is the first to report HBCD concentrations in the environment of China. The concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs in muscle of freshwater fishes from the Yangtze River ranged from 18 to 1100ng/g and 12 to 330ng/g lipid weight (wt.), respectively. When compared with other regions of the world, the contamination of PBDEs in biota could be regarded as moderate, whereas contamination of HBCDs in biota was relatively high. The PBDE congener profiles in fishes of the present study were markedly different from those observed in freshwater and marine fishes from other regions of the world. In the present study, BDE-15, BDE-28 and BDE-47 were the predominant congeners in the fishes. This particular congener profile in fishes from the Yangtze River revealed that a specific commercial PBDE formulation (probably made in China) might have been used in the Yangtze River Delta region.     

浅析高酸性污水处理方法在川西北净化厂的应用

概述川西北气矿天然气净化厂高酸性污水的处理现状及改造措施,通过对几处工艺管线及设备的改造,实现了高酸性污水的安全处理与零排放,保证了川西北气矿天然气净化厂生产的安全平稳运行。     

生物沸石人工湿地处理分散养猪冲洗水性能

以构建的三级生物沸石人工湿地处理分散养猪冲洗水厌氧出水,考察了湿地的运行性能、污染物随时间变化以及生物沸石层ORP分布情况.结果表明,三级生物沸石人工湿地可高效地去除分散养猪冲洗水厌氧出水的COD、N和P,且耐NH_4~+-N冲击负荷.湿地水力负荷为0.047 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1)时,COD、NH_4~+-N和TN(平均质量浓度分别为477.7、155.3和176.4mg·L~(-1))主要在湿地一区被去除,平均去除率分别为80.6%、55.3%和58.1%.生物沸石强化硝化作用明显,硝化产物主要为硝酸盐,湿地一区、二区和三区的NO_3~--N产生质量浓度分别为85.85、91.06和82.41 mg·L~(-1),一区沸石层产生的硝酸盐可被其下部砖渣层微生物利用水中剩余有机物为底物,通过反硝化途径去除.TP主要靠砖渣吸附去除,微生物的作用相对较小.三级湿地沸石层复氧效果均较好,大部分ORP值都保持在400 m V以上.     

长江九江段水环境容量研究

针对长江九江段污染物的稀释扩散,通过现场实测和数值模拟的方法,建立了近岸区域二维水质数学模型及水质限制使用区临界点水质与污染负荷的响应关系。本文从实际应用出发,提出了近岸区可分配水环境容量的计算方法,并利用优化模型计算了长江九江段不同水文条件和不同水质限制使用区范围的允许排放负荷。      

秋季黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地系统CH4通量特征及影响因素研究

2009年秋季(9、10月),运用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地系统的CH4排放通量进行了观测,并对影响CH4通量特征的关键因子进行了识别.结果表明,在空间上,秋季高潮滩、中潮滩、低潮滩和光滩的CH4通量范围分别为-0.206～1.264、-0.197～0.431、-0.125～0.659、-0.742～1.767 mg.(m2.h)-1,均值为0.089、0.038、0.197和0.169mg.(m2.h)-1,均表现为CH4排放源,但源功能整体表现为低潮滩>光滩>高潮滩>中潮滩;在时间上,9、10月的CH4排放通量范围分别为-0.444～1.767、-0.742～1.264 mg.(m2.h)-1,均值为0.218、0.028 mg.(m2.h)-1,除9月高潮滩表现为CH4弱汇外,其它潮滩的CH4通量均明显高于10月.研究发现,黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地环境因素变化比较复杂,CH4排放通量受多重因素控制.不同潮滩湿地在9、10月CH4排放通量的差异可能主要与温度(特别是气温)以及植被生长状况的差异有关,而水盐条件和潮汐状况对潮滩湿地系统CH4通量特征的影响也不容忽视.     

3-甲基丁酮与OH自由基反应的速率常数及其机理研究

在(298±3)K的温度下,采用相对速率法测得了3-甲基丁酮与OH自由基在气相中的反应速率常数:k=(2·6±0·4)×10~(-12)cm~3·molecule~(-1)·s~(-1).该结果与根据结构活性法估算的结果相一致.实验中还测定了该反应的主要产物:丙酮、甲醛和过氧乙酰基硝酸酯(PAN),讨论了该气体在NOx存在下与OH自由基反应的机理.根据上述实验结果讨论了3-甲基丁酮对对流层臭氧浓度的影响:3-甲基丁酮在大气对流层中的氧化反应活性不高,它的主要氧化产物丙酮同样具有低的反应活性.因此,3-甲基丁酮对大气中臭氧生成的贡献不是很大.     

生物炭施用5 a后对桂北桉树人工林土壤有机碳组分的影响

研究生物炭不同施用量施用5 a后桉树人工林土壤有机碳组分的变化特征，明确生物炭施用下土壤的固碳潜力，为桉树林业废弃物生物炭的土壤改良效应提供科学依据.基于2017年建立的桉树人工林生物炭中长期定位试验，以桉树人工林废弃枝条为原料，在500℃条件下厌氧制备生物炭，选取CK （0%）、T1（0.5%）、T2（1.0%）、T3（2%）、T4（4%）和T5（6%）这6个处理，一次性施用生物炭5 a后测定不同处理下有机碳组分含量特征.结果表明：①与对照相比，土壤有机碳及其组分随生物炭施用量的增加而增大，且在T4或T5达到最大值，土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳、易氧化态有机碳、颗粒有机碳、微生物生物量碳和碳储量分别增加了101.62%、67.46%、143.03%、164.78%、110.88%和41.73%.②随着生物炭施用量的增加，各生物炭处理土壤轻组有机碳和重组有机碳含量在0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层的增幅分别为41.41%~140.63%、9.26%~87.04%、-19.54%~106.90%和15.32%~78.99%、15.72%~75.25%、89.49%~148.64%.0~30 cm土层土壤轻组有机碳和重组有机碳含量的平均值亦呈现增大的趋势，土壤碳库中以较稳定的重组有机碳为主.③土壤有机碳、碳储量和有机碳组分含量均随着土层的加深而减小.总体上，生物炭施用5 a显著增加了土壤有机碳和碳组分含量，有利于提高土壤固碳能力和土壤稳定性碳库，生物炭施用是提升桉树林土壤质量的有效措施.研究结果可为林业废弃物资源化利用和桉树人工林土壤肥力提升提供参考依据.     

准好氧填埋工艺中通气管径对垃圾填埋气(LFG)影响研究及空气热力学计算

针对我国土地资源有限、垃圾产生量大的特点,准好氧填埋工艺逐渐成为中小型城市治理固体废物污染的首选技术.该工艺中,进入填埋堆体的空气量对垃圾填埋气(LFG)的产生及组分有重要的影响.为了确定准好氧填埋结构中竖直导气管与渗滤液导排主管直径的合理比例,在涿州市生活垃圾处理场建立了中试装置进行模拟准好氧填埋试验,并设置了直径分...     

Evaluating the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of low-organic waste at Danish landfills

The biochemical methane potential (BMP) is an essential parameter when using first order decay (FOD) landfill gas (LFG) generation models to estimate methane (CH₄) generation from landfills. Different categories of waste (mixed, shredder and sludge waste) with a low-organic content and temporarily stored combustible waste were sampled from four Danish landfills. The waste was characterized in terms of physical characteristics (TS, VS, TC and TOC) and the BMP was analyzed in batch tests. The experiment was set up in triplicate, including blank and control tests. Waste samples were incubated at 55 °C for more than 60 days, with continuous monitoring of the cumulative CH₄ generation. Results showed that samples of mixed waste and shredder waste had similar BMP results, which was in the range of 5.4–9.1 kg CH₄/ton waste (wet weight) on average. As a calculated consequence, their degradable organic carbon content (DOCC) was in the range of 0.44–0.70% of total weight (wet waste). Numeric values of both parameters were much lower than values of traditional municipal solid waste (MSW), as well as default numeric values in current FOD models. The sludge waste and temporarily stored combustible waste showed BMP values of 51.8–69.6 and 106.6–117.3 kg CH₄/ton waste on average, respectively, and DOCC values of 3.84–5.12% and 7.96–8.74% of total weight. The same category of waste from different Danish landfills did not show significant variation. This research studied the BMP of Danish low-organic waste for the first time, which is important and valuable for using current FOD LFG generation models to estimate realistic CH₄ emissions from modern landfills receiving low-organic waste.     

核电厂主控室数字化对人执行状态评估任务影响

核电厂主控室进行数字化变革后,操纵员执行状态评估任务的方式发生了巨大变化。为了有效地识别及评估数字化对状态评估的潜在影响,以知觉/循环、资源限制等认知理论为基础,以贝叶斯概率网络为工具,建立状态评估可靠度的影响因素模型。定性分析这些因素对状态评估任务的影响机制,并定量比较它们的影响程度。分析结果表明,界面管理任务和任务负荷变迁,对状态评估的影响最为显著。需采取针对性的措施,优先处理这些人因问题,以最大限度地提高数字化核电厂的安全水平。