面向服务架构的南海地理信息决策模拟系统功能设计与实现

南海具有丰富的自然资源与重要的战略地位,实现多源海洋环境数据的集成与共享,从而为南海情势分析与决策模拟提供支持是当前急需开展的工作。本文在分析国内外海洋地理信息系统(MGIS)的研究成果及相关技术的基础上,设计实现了面向服务架构(SOA)的南海地理信息决策模拟系统。该系统不仅集成了从传统观测网获取的南海地区卫星影像、水文气象、自然资源等结构化数据,同时集成了从互联网中检索到的文字、图片等非结构化数据,实现了围绕南海地区的信息查询、可视化表达、分析评价等功能,并以服务方式实现了数据与功能的集成与互操作,为南海海域的科学管理、分析和决策提供强有力的工具。     

Assessment of the toxic potential of hydrocarbon containing sludges

A short-time period microbial toxicity test-battery was used for the investigation of acute toxicity and genotoxicity of five hydrocarbon containing sludges. Four sludges were obtained from a petrochemical industry and the fifth from a petroleum refinery. Some of the sludges had been stored for long periods. Bioremediation potential assays for soils polluted with each of the sludges were also considered. The sludges did not show acute toxicity in any of the microbial tests performed. However, when the diethylether soluble fractions of these sludges were analyzed some of them showed acute toxicity, for which the clearest results were obtained with the resazurin reduction method. The greatest toxicity detected with the Resazurin based method was found in the diethylether extracts of the freshly collected (not stored) sludges. On the other hand, the diethylether soluble fraction of those sludges that had been stored showed genotoxicity when analyzed with the Salmonella/microsome assay. After the incorporation of the sludges into the soil, increased bacterial counts were noted and substantial hydrocarbon elimination was achieved in 30 days, showing that bioremediation may be a possible technology for cleaning soils polluted with these sludges.     

Use of Water Clarity to Monitor the Effects of Climate Change and other Stressors on Oligotrophic Lakes

We present evidence from studies oflakes in Killarney Park, Ontario, Canada that waterclarity is a key variable for monitoring theeffects of climate change, high UV exposure andacidification. In small oligotrophic lakes, thesestressors affect water clarity primarily byaltering the concentration of DOC in lake water. Clear lakes (<2 mg L^-1 DOC) proved to be highlysensitive indicators of stressors, exhibiting largethermal and optical responses to small changes inDOC. Extremely clear (<0.5 mg L^-1 DOC) acidic lakesshowed the effects of climate change and solarbleaching in recent decades. These lakes becamemuch clearer even though they were slowlyrecovering from acidification.     

Transport,deposition and biodegradation of particle bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a tidal basin of an industrial watershed

Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are commoncontaminants in industrial watersheds. Their origin,transport and fate are important to scientists,environmental managers and citizens. The Philadelphia NavalReserve Basin (RB) is a small semi-enclosed embayment nearthe confluence of the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers inPennsylvania (USA). We conducted a study at this site todetermine the tidal flux of particles and particle-boundcontaminants associated with the RB. Particle traps wereplaced at the mouth and inside the RB and in the Schuylkilland Delaware Rivers. There was net particle deposition intothe RB, which was determined for three seasons. Spring andfall depositions were highest (1740 and 1230 kg ofparticles, respectively) while winter deposition wasinsignificant. PAH concentrations on settling particlesindicated a net deposition of 12.7 g PAH in fall and 2.1 gPAH in spring over one tidal cycle. There was nosignificant PAH deposition in the winter. Biodegradationrates, calculated from ¹⁴C-labeled PAH substratemineralization, could attenuate only about 0.25% of the PAHdeposited during a tidal cycle in fall. However, in thespring, biodegradation could be responsible for degrading50% of the settling PAHs. The RB appears to be a sink forPAHs in this watershed.     

浅谈测定条件对总硬度测定的影响

在对水中总硬度测定条件进行分析、比较的基础上，针对测定过程中经常出现的问题提出一些看法及解决方法，并进行了探讨。     

洞庭湖表层水和底泥中重金属污染状况及其变化趋势

为评价洞庭湖重金属污染程度,分析了洞庭湖湖区9个采样点表层水及底泥中Hg、Cr、Cd、As、Pb和Cu的浓度水平,并采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对底泥中的重金属污染现状进行评价. 结果表明,洞庭湖表层水中重金属质量浓度远低于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》一级标准限值,底泥中w(Hg)、w(Cr)、w(Cd)、w(As)、w(Pb)和w(Cu)均高于背景值,其平均值分别为背景值的5.0、3.1、22.7、2.2、2.5和1.9倍. 洞庭湖表层水中ρ(As)与底泥中w(As)呈显著正相关. 近30年来,洞庭湖底泥中除w(Hg)下降外,其他重金属质量分数均有所上升. 地积累指数法评价结果表明,洞庭湖底泥中不同种类的重金属I_geo(地累积指数)表现为Cd＞Hg＞Cr＞As＞Pb＞Cu,Cd和Hg的I_geo分别为3.92和1.73;不同区域的重金属I_tot(综合地积累指数)呈虞公庙>横岭湖>洞庭湖出口>东洞庭湖>蒋家嘴>鹿角>万子湖>南嘴>小河嘴的分布特征,虞公庙和横岭湖的I_tot均大于10.0.潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明,各污染物对洞庭湖生态风险构成危害的影响程度为Cd＞As＞Cr＞Hg＞Cu＞Pb,整个洞庭湖区的RI(潜在生态风险指数)为99.0~696.7,平均值为281.8,属于中等潜在生态危害,其中南洞庭湖的虞公庙和万子湖的RI分别为696.7和565.9,已成为潜在生态风险区域.      

城市湿地景观的生态设计

以武汉后湖某湿地生态修复工程为例,介绍了城市湿地景观生态设计的应用。提出了"治污、生态、景观"综合考虑的生态设计理念,着重分析了从污染源控制、生态植被的恢复以及滨水景观的营造等方面实施湿地生态修复的方法与实践。     

泽龙湖景观水污染治理及生态修复

为了去除泽龙湖微污染景观水中的氮、磷及有机物等污染成分,采用人工增氧和浮田型生态岛技术对泽龙湖景观水进行了生态修复。结果表明,人工增氧能很好地氧化水中有机物,生态岛水生植物可有效地吸收氮和磷,处理后湖水可达到《地面水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中的Ⅳ类标准。     

基于CGE模型的可再生能源绿证交易机制模拟及其经济影响

绿证交易机制是中国推动能源结构和电力结构转型升级的重要经济手段。该研究构建了具有电力部门细分特征的中国“能源-环境-经济”递推动态CGE模型，模拟了在可再生能源电力消纳保障机制框架下实行强制性绿证交易的经济影响。研究发现：强制性绿证交易能够替代电价补贴政策促进新能源电力行业的发展，但所能实现的碳减排效果有限，2030年相比基准情景最高仅可削减3.804%的全国碳排放总量。可再生能源电力消纳保障机制的约束目标将对绿证交易机制的运行效果产生直接影响，有针对性地提高风电消纳目标，可以有效促进风电行业发展，但存在扭曲绿证交易市场、降低资源配置效率的风险。提高新能源电力的消纳责任权重需要以牺牲一定的经济发展为代价，但整体来看模拟期内对经济造成的负面冲击幅度较小，各类政策情景下实际GDP下降率不超过0.8%。在保证绿证真实绿色属性的前提下，具有较高灵活性的代理模式绿证交易可以缓解风、光电力消纳目标对用电行业生产成本和GDP造成的压力，更具成本有效性。扩大绿证交易市场行业覆盖范围能够激发绿证交易市场活力，进一步缓解强制性新能源电力消纳目标对经济发展造成的不利影响，但所能实现的碳减排效果也相对较弱。基...