基于Cox比例风险模型的交通违法间隔时间研究

为探寻驾驶员因素和时间因素对城市道路机动车交通违法间隔时间的影响,收集机动车驾驶员交通违法的间隔时间和驾驶员年龄、累计积分等数据,清洗后得到包含10个影响因素的基础数据;基于生存分析算法,采用Cox比例风险回归模型,从各变量对再次发生交通违法间隔时间的影响方面,研究驾驶员交通违法的间隔时间差异,以及影响驾驶员发生再次违法的关键因素。结果表明：交通违法时间间隔受年龄、累计积分、月份3个因素显著影响;33～44岁的驾驶者再次违法率最大,大于60岁的驾驶者再次违法率最小;驾驶员累计积分与生存曲线陡峭程度为正相关关系,累计积分与驾驶者再次违法率为正相关关系;相同间隔时间下,11月生存率最高,1月生存率最短。     

重铬酸钾法测定炼油废水COD的适用性分析

为了分析0.250 mol/L与0.025 mol/L重铬酸钾法测定炼油催化剂行业高氯废水COD的适用性,进行了比对实验。结果表明：两者测定结果相差60.5～76.8 mg/L;高浓度重铬酸钾法精密性较好, RSD%≤4.8%,准确度较高,与氯气校正法测定结果基本吻合,相对误差≤6%;低浓度的重铬酸钾法精密性相对较差, RSD%≥8.1%,与氯气校正法测定结果相对误差大于40%,准确度低。在控制稀释水样Cl-浓度500～800 mg/L范围时,采用重铬酸钾法测定COD,适宜于高浓度的方法。     

Anaerobic digestion of linear alkyl benzene sulfonates: biodegradation kinetics and metabolite analysis

In the present work the effect of the alkyl chain length and the position of the sulfophenyl substituent of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) on their anaerobic biodegradability have been investigated. Degradation kinetics of the linear alkyl benzene sulfonates homologues, 2C₁₀LAS, 2C₁₂LAS and 2C₁₄LAS, have been studied. It has been also investigated the effect of the isomer type on the degradation rate of the LAS molecule through the comparative study of the 2C₁₀LAS and 5C₁₀LAS isomers. Batch anaerobic biodegradation tests were performed using sludge from the anaerobic digester of a wastewater treatment plant as microorganisms source. Ultimate biodegradation was evaluated from the biogas production whereas primary biodegradation was determined by specific analysis of the surfactant. LAS homologues and isomers showed a negligible primary biodegradation under anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, analysis of sulfophenyl carboxilates (SPC) by LC–MS indicated a low and constant level of these LAS degradation metabolites over the test period. These data are consistent with a minimal transformation of the LAS parent molecule in the anaerobic digesters. On the other hand, the addition of the shortest alkyl chain length homologues, decyl and dodecylbenzene sulfonates, reduces the biogas production whereas the most hydrophobic homologue, the tetradecylbenzene sulfonate, enhances the biogas production. This LAS homologue seems to increase the availability of organic compounds sorbed on the anaerobic sludge promoting their biodegradation.     

基于大型底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)的密云水库上游河流(北京段)水生态健康评价

密云水库上游流域水生态健康对保障密云水库水安全具有至关重要的作用。为系统评价密云水库上游河流生态系统健康状况,2019年对该流域河流大型底栖动物进行调查,共布设采样点39个,采集到底栖动物128种,包括节肢动物门106种、软体动物门16种、环节动物门5种、扁形动物门1种。从耐污值上看,敏感类群占比为23.1%,耐污类群占比为0.9%。从类群出现频率看,出现频率居前3位的底栖动物分别为蜉蝣属(Ephemera)、短脉纹石蛾属(Cheumatopsyche)、角石蛾属(Stenopsyche),其出现频率分别为82%、79%和74%,3者均为清洁类指示生物。以大型底栖动物为指示生物,对44个候选生物指标进行分布范围分析、判别能力分析和相关性分析,由总分类单元数、优势分类单元个体数占比、蜉蝣目个体数占比、水生昆虫分类单元个体数占比、敏感类群个体数占比5个指标构建密云水库上游流域B-IBI指标体系。采用四分制法统一各参数量纲,以参照点B-IBI值分布的25%分位值作为河流生态系统完整性的评价标准。评价结果表明,23%的样点处于健康等级,33%的样点处于亚健康等级,33%的样点处于一般等级,8%...     

Assessment of pesticide contamination in three Mississippi Delta oxbow lakes using Hyalella azteca

Three oxbow lakes in northwestern Mississippi, USA, an area of intensive agriculture, were assessed for biological impairment from historic and current-use pesticide contamination using the amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Surface water and sediment samples from three sites in each lake were collected from Deep Hollow, Beasley, and Thighman Lakes from September 2000 to February 2001. Samples were analyzed for 17 historic and current-use pesticides and selected metabolites. Ten-day H. azteca survival and growth (as length and dry weight) were measured to determine the degree of biological impairment. Maximum number of detectable pesticides in surface water from Deep Hollow, Beasley and Thighman Lakes was 10, 11, and 17, respectively. Maximum number of detectable pesticides in lake sediments was 17, 17, and 15, respectively. Bioassay results indicated no observable survival effects on H. azteca exposed to surface water or sediment from any lake examined and no growth impairment in animals exposed to lake sediments. However, growth was significantly impaired in surface water exposures from Deep Hollow Lake (2 sites) and Beasley Lake (1 site). Statistically significant relationships between growth impairment (length) and cyanazine, methyl parathion, λ-cyhalothrin, chlorfenapyr, and pp′DDE surface water concentrations in Deep Hollow Lake as well as trifluralin, atrazine, and methyl parathion in Beasley Lake were observed. Although pesticide frequency and concentrations were typically greater in sediment than surface water, bioassay results indicated decreased availability of these pesticides in sediment due to the presence of clay and organic carbon. Growth impairment observed in surface water exposures was likely due to complex interaction of pesticide mixtures that were present.     

Impact of busy roads on breeding success in pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca

The impact of dense traffic on the breeding success in pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) was studied using roadside nest-boxes. Nest site selection and breeding success of flycatchers were observed in relation to the distance from the road. The number of occupied territories was no higher closer to the road than it was deeper inside the forest. The distance to the road had no effect on the laying date, clutch size, or brood size. However, nests closer to the road were more likely to fail at the chick stage. The number of broods that were closer to roads and were lost completely was significantly higher than those further away. As a consequence, the number of fledglings per breeding attempt decreased closer to roads. The nestlings typically died as older chicks when the parent birds were providing them with maximum quantities of food. A possible reason for the declining reproductive success was the traffic-related mortality of parent birds, as weather conditions were not especially adverse for raising healthy offspring.     

Agricultural drainage ditches mitigate phosphorus loads as a function of hydrological variability

Phosphorus (P) loading from nonpoint sources, such as agricultural landscapes, contributes to downstream aquatic ecosystem degradation. Specifically, within the Mississippi watershed, enriched runoff contributions have far-reaching consequences for coastal water eutrophication and Gulf of Mexico hypoxia. Through storm events, the P mitigation capacity of agricultural drainage ditches under no-till cotton was determined for natural and variable rainfall conditions in north Mississippi. Over 2 yr, two experimental ditches were sampled monthly for total inorganic P concentrations in baseflow and on an event-driven basis for stormflows. Phosphorus concentrations, Manning's equations with a range of roughness coefficients for changes in vegetative densities within the ditches, and discharge volumes from Natural Resources Conservation Service dimensionless hydrographs combined to determine ranges in maximum and outflow storm P loads from the farms. Baseflow regressions and percentage reductions with P concentrations illustrated that the ditches alternated between being a sink and source for dissolved inorganic P and particulate P concentrations throughout the year. Storm event loads resulted in 5.5% of the annual applied fertilizer to be transported into the drainage ditches. The ditches annually reduced 43.92 +/- 3.12% of the maximum inorganic effluent P load before receiving waters. Agricultural drainage ditches exhibited a fair potential for P mitigation and thus warrant future work on controlled drainage to improve mitigation capacity.     

Control of combustion-generated nitrogen oxides by selective non-catalytic reduction

Controlling nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) emissions is becoming a daunting technical challenge as increasingly strict emission limits are being imposed. The stringent regulations have prompted the innovation and characterization of NO(x) control technologies suitable for various applications. This paper presents a review on NO(x) removal techniques with particular reference to selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) technology. This includes initially how SNCR emerged as a technology along with a comparison with other relevant technologies. A review of various features related to selective non-catalytic gas phase injection of ammonia and ammonium salts (as reducing agent) is presented. The use of urea solution as a reducing agent and its performance in laboratory and pilot scale tests as well as large-scale applications is also discussed. Use of cyanuric acid as a potential reducing agent is also presented. The underlying reaction mechanisms have been reviewed for ammonia, urea and cyanuric acid for the explanation of various observations. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling as applied to SNCR is also presented. Subsequently the use of SNCR coupled with other in-combustion and post-combustion NO(x) control techniques is elaborated. Additionally, a two-stage NO(x) removal strategy to control un-reacted ammonia slip and to improve overall efficiency is discussed. At the end a summary is given which highlights various areas needing further research.     

Simple models for phosphorus loss from manure during rainfall

Mechanistic, predictive equations for phosphorus (P) transport in runoff from manure-applied fields constitute a critical knowledge gap for developing nonpoint-source pollution models. We derived two simple equations to describe the P release from animal manure during a rainfall event-one based on first-order P desorption kinetics and one based on second-order kinetics. The manure characteristics needed in the two kinetic equations are the maximum amount of water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) and a characteristic desorption time. Water-extractable P can be measured directly but currently the characteristic time can only be obtained by fitting experimental data. In addition, we evaluated two models usually used to estimate P loss from soil, the Elovitch equation and power function, both of which relate P loss to time. The models were tested against previously published data of P release from different manures under laboratory conditions. All equations fit the data well. Of the two kinetic equations, the second-order model showed better agreement with the data than the first-order model; for example, maximum relative differences between the model results and measured data were 2.6 and 4.7%, respectively. The characteristic times varied between 20 min for dairy manure and almost 100 min for poultry manure. The characteristic time did not appear to change with flow rate but decreased with smaller manure aggregates. The parameters for power-function relationships could not be related to measured manure characteristics. These results provide the first step to process-based approximations for predicting P release from manure with time during rainfall shortly after land application, when P losses are the greatest.     

Characteristics of aerosols collected in central Taiwan during an Asian dust event in spring 2000

Aerosol samples for PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) were collected at four locations in central Taiwan from 26 to 31 March 2000, a period that experienced exceedingly high PM levels from 29 to 30 March due to the passage of an Asian dust storm. The samples were analyzed for mass, metallic elements, ions, and carbon. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of the dust storm on the characteristics of local ambient particulate matter. The results indicate that the concentrations of the crustal elements Ca, Mg, Al, Fe and the sea salt species Na+ and Cl- in PM(2.5-10) during the dust episode exceed the mean concentrations in the non-dust period by factors of 3.1, 2.9, 2.6, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.1 respectively. Enrichment factors of Ca, Fe, and Mg in PM(2.5-10) during the dust event are close to unity, indicating that these elements are from soil. Reconstruction of aerosol compositions revealed that soil of coarse particulates elevated approximately 50% in the dust event. It is noted that during the dust event, the ratio of Mg/Al in PM(2.5-10) ranged from 0.21 to 0.25 while that of Ca/Al ranged from 0.6 to 0.9, levels more constant than those obtained in non-dust period.