生活垃圾填埋场建设项目环保验收调查方法研究简

垃圾填埋场建设项目的主要环境问题包括：渗沥液排放、地下水环境污染、大气环境污染、噪声污染、景观变化和环境安全。根据工作经验,建立了包括建设项目基本情况、生态环境影响、社会环境影响、生态环境保护措施四大类调查监测指标为核心的环保验收调查指标体系,提出了文件资料核实、现场勘查、遥感调查、公众意见调查、环境监测和摄影法为主的建设项目竣工环保验收调查技术方法。     

图书馆书库清点方法初探

图书馆藏书大多存在实物与财产登记不符的状况,如情况较为严重则会影响到图书馆流通、采访等项工作的开展,因此适时进行书库清点具有重要意义。本文以中国环境管理干部学院图书馆的清点为实例,初步探讨了将条码作为清点切入点的书库清点工作的方法、步骤和注意事项。     

垃圾焚烧炉干法尾气净化处理系统的应用研究

介绍了目前国内垃圾处理情况和有关规定及垃圾焚烧炉干法尾气净化处理的原理、工艺流程及系统构成,并从工艺流程、工艺原理、运行和控制、维护保养、运行成本等方面对垃圾焚烧炉干法尾气净化处理系统和半干法尾气净化处理系统进行了比较.     

Endosulfan in China 1—gridded usage inventories

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide (OCP), is genotoxic in mammalian cells and generally considered to be toxic and classified by the World Health Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency as priority pollutants and a nominator for inclusion in a future iteration of the persistent organic pollutants treaty. Endosulfan is a currently used pesticide and still being used worldwide. The general trend of total global endosulfan use has increased continuously since the first year when this pesticide was applied. It is critical to create national endosulfan usage/emission inventories for China to carry out source–receptor relation analysis, risk assessment, and other research related to endosulfan in this country. Chinese inventories have been published for some OCPs, such as technical HCH and lindane, DDT, and chlordane; for endosulfan, however, there has not been any usage inventory available on any scales (national or provincial), although endosulfan has been widely used since 1994 in this country. This is the first part of the work. The goal of this paper is to quantify the historical production and usage of endosulfan in China and to compile gridded historical usage inventories of endosulfan for this country. Based on these usage inventories, emission and residue inventories will be created, which is the goal of the second part of the work. Materials and methods  Due to the lack of national production and usage information of endosulfan in China, a method to estimate the use of endosulfan was developed. First, information of crops on which endosulfan is applied and average endosulfan use and annual application frequencies of endosulfan on these crops were collected. Secondly, usage of endosulfan on each crop was estimated using the national cropland area for each province from Chinese government reports. Finally, with the help of GIS (geographic information system), the usage data of this insecticide was allocated to a grid system, with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution, with a size for each grid cell of approximately 25 km by 25 km. Results and discussion  The use of endosulfan in agriculture in China started on cotton in 1994, and on wheat, tea, tobacco, apples, and other fruits in 1998. Endosulfan usage on cotton, wheat, tea, tobacco, and apples in China has been estimated to be approximately 25,700 t between 1994 and 2004. The province with the highest usage of endosulfan is Henan Province, with a total usage reaching 4,000 t, followed by the uses in Xinjiang Autonomous Region (3,200 t), Shandong Province (3,000 t), Hebei Province (2,100 t), and Anhui Province (1,900 t). Gridded usage inventories of endosulfan at a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created, which indicate that the intensive endosulfan use was in the south of Hebei Province, west of Shandong Province, east of Henan Province, north of Anhui Province, east of Jiangsu Province, and some areas in Yunnan Province and Xinjiang Autonomous Region. General agreement has been found between the usage data from our estimation and the small amount of usage data published in China. Conclusions  This is the first national gridded endosulfan usage inventory produced for China. The annual applications of endosulfan from 1994 to 2004 in China were estimated based on the total areas of major crops, on which endosulfan was applied, and spatial distribution of the application was generated at provincial and prefecture levels. With the help of GIS, endosulfan usage based on prefecture was transferred to a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude gridding system. The satisfaction of the inventories was supported by the consistence between the estimation of the annual usage and the reported annual production of endosulfan. Recommendations and perspectives  This gridded endosulfan usage inventory created in this study will be improved upon availability of new information of endosulfan. The usage inventories can be used to create gridded emission and residue inventories for this insecticide. It is believed that this work will pave the way for further endosulfan studies in China and beyond.     

竹炭-微生物联合法对沼液中氨氮的去除

采用竹炭-微生物联合法,考察了竹炭用量、菌液用量、进水氨氮浓度、pH、DO、HRT等因素对氨氮废水处理效果的影响;同时采用对比实验,初步探讨了竹炭-微生物联合法处理沼液的作用机理。结果表明,竹炭-微生物法去除沼液氨氮的最优条件推荐为:竹炭用量30 g/L,微生物活性液用量3%,pH 7.0～8.0,DO为2 mg/L,HRT为48 h。竹炭-微生物法对沼液氨氮的去除过程可用一级反应动力学模型C=272.56e-0.0148描述,其去除效果来源于竹炭吸附和生物降解的协同作用,协同程度为48.45%。     

鲢鱼放养控制北京城市河湖水华试验研究

介绍了利用鲢鱼控制北京城市河湖水华的试验研究,通过不同放养密度(0、17、51和103 g/m3)的现场围隔试验,对鲢鱼放养对水体水质和浮游生物的影响进行了分析.研究结果表明,鲢鱼放养使有鱼围隔中浮游生物量极低,从而使浮游植物基本不受浮游动物影响,而直接受鱼类影响;同时,中等密度(51 g/m3)的鲢鱼放养使水华蓝藻和微小藻的生长均得到了有效抑制,使藻类生物量最低.     

新型树脂对氯酚类物质的吸附研究

合成了乙酰氯修饰树脂NDA-O,与Purolite公司的MN-200相比,合成的树脂比表面积较小,但酸性官能团较多.用两种树脂吸附2-氯酚、4-氯酚和2,4-二氯酚发现,吸附结果可以用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程很好地模拟,合成的NDA-O对3种氯酚类物质的吸附能力优于MN-200.两种树脂对氯酚类物质的吸附量随着温度的升高而减少,表明吸附是放热过程,同时对氯酚类物质的吸附焓变随着吸附量的增大而减小.对同一种树脂来说,吸附量随着氯代程度的增加而增加,取代氯数相同的时候,吸附量与吸附质的K..成正相关.进一步研究了pH对吸附的影响,在pH大于9时,3种氯酚类物质的吸附量均急剧减少.     

The OH-induced degradation mechanism of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) with two forms in the water: a DFT comparison

The initial degradation mechanisms of OH and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) including molecular form and anionic form are studied at the MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df, 2p)//MPWB1K/6-31+G(d, p) level. Possible reaction pathways of H-atom abstraction and OH addition are considered in detail. By result comparison analysis, it is found that the reaction mechanisms for OH and two forms of MCPA are different, and most reactions for anionic MCPA are easier than those for molecular MCPA. For H-atom abstraction reactions, the calculated energies show that OH abstracting H-atom from -CH₃ group of molecular MCPA is the most kinetically favorable process; the potential energy surface for anionic MCPA indicates that H-atom in -CH₂ group is slightly easier to be abstracted than that in -CH₃ group. For OH addition reactions, the addition of OH to the C1 site is the initial step for molecular MCPA and the predominant product is 4-chloro-2-methylphenol (denoted P3), while the C4 site is the most reactive site for anionic MCPA and the primary product results from the hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, which is in good agreement with the experimental observation. In additional, results from PCM calculations show that most reactions in water phase are more kinetically favorable than those in gas phase, though the mechanisms discussed above will not be changed.     

重庆大气稳定度频率

本文用改进的Pasquill-Turner法统计了重庆六年大气稳定度频率,分析了稳定度频率的年际变化、月变化和日变化特点,得出重庆地区大气稳定度频率以中性最高,稳定型次之,不稳定频率最低的结论。统计分析了各类稳定度逐年变化并对这些变化特征从地理、气候和天气上予以解释,最后讨论了太阳赤纬的取值问题。     

矿山企业安全生产管理缺陷预警系统

矿山企业安全管理预警是针对可能发生的事故进行事先预测和防范.介绍了企业安全管理预 警系统的模型、预警系统各模块的功能及基于J2EE模式体系的设计与实现.