黄红壤上烟草对钾的反应及种烟后土壤钾的变化

黄红壤上烟草对钾的反应及种烟后土壤钾的变化马友华，李道林，陈邦本，方明（安徽农业大学土化系，合肥２３００３６）（南京农业大学资环系）我国南方亚热带的红壤是我国植烟面积较大的土类，适用于种植各种类型的烟草［１］。烟草是喜钾作物，近年来我国南方在烟草种植...     

A roadmap for the conservation of freshwater mussels in Europe

Europe has a long history of human pressure on freshwater ecosystems. As pressure continues to grow and new threats emerge, there is an urgent need for conservation of freshwater biodiversity and its ecosystem services. However, whilst some taxonomic groups, mainly vertebrates, have received a disproportionate amount of attention and funds, other groups remain largely off the public and scientific radar. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionida) are an alarming example of this conservation bias and here we point out six conceptual areas that need immediate and long-term attention: knowledge, threats, socioeconomics, conservation, governance and education. The proposed roadmap aims to advance research, policy and education by identifying the most pressing priorities for the short- and long-term conservation of freshwater mussels across Europe.     

A comparative study of particle size distribution from two oxygenated fuels and diesel fuel

Oxygenated fuels are known to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines. In this study, 100% soy methyl ester (SME) biodiesel fuel (B100) and a blend of 10% acetal denoted by A-diesel with diesel fuel were tested as oxygenated fuels. Particle size and number distributions from a diesel engine fueled with oxygenated fuels and base diesel fuel were measured using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). Measurements were made at ten steady-state operational modes of various loads at two engine speeds. It was found that the geometric mean diameters of particles from SME and Adiesel were lower than that from base diesel fuel. Compared to diesel fuel, SME emitted more ultra-fine particles at rated speed while emitting less ultra-fine particles at maximum speed. Ultra-fine particle number concentrations of A-diesel were much higher than those of base diesel fuel at most test modes.     

我国废旧纺织品综合利用现状及发展方向

通过分析废旧纺织品综合利用现状,总结了纯棉废旧纺织品、废旧民用纺织品、废旧军服等领域综合利用的初步进展,提出了我国目前废旧纺织品综合利用存在的主要问题,明确了废旧纺织品综合利用的发展方向,即废旧纺织品综合利用必须紧紧围绕“合理规划、分类回收、技术保障、市场拓展、政策引导、舆论宣传、全社会广泛参与”的指导方针,通过长期而系统的推进,最终实现行业规范化、专业化、集约化的健康科学发展。     

Mn-Ce/Ti-Zr-柱撑膨润土催化剂低温选择性催化还原法脱硝

以改性的有机膨润土为原料,制备Ti、Zr共柱撑有机膨润土(Ti-Zr-OPILC),并通过浸渍法负载Mn、Ce,制备得催化剂Mn-Ce/Ti-Zr-OPILC,运用XRD、BET分析了催化剂的物理化学特性,并考察了催化剂对NO低温选择性催化还原反应的催化活性.实验结果表明:催化剂的比表面积得到很大提高,Mn和Ce在载体上分散性较好;在反应温度为220℃、体积空速为40 000 h-1、n(NH3)∶n(NO)为1、初始NO体积分数为0.06％、O2体积分数为3.6％时,对NO去除率高达95％以上.     

铋电极差分脉冲伏安法测定水中痕量2,4-二硝基苯肼

以自制铋电极作为工作电极,建立了铋电极差分脉冲伏安法测定2,4-二硝基苯肼的分析方法。实验结果表明：以0.1 mol/L NaOH+0.1 mol/L KCl混合溶液（pH=13.0）配制测定底液,在扫描速率为100 mV/s的条件下,2,4-二硝基苯肼于-0.53 V处产生灵敏的氧化峰;在2,4-二硝基苯肼浓度为3.0×10-8~1.0×10-5 mol/L范围内,空白和试样的氧化峰电流强度差值与对应2,4-二硝基苯肼浓度的对数呈良好的线性关系,检出限达8.37×10-9 mol/L;将该方法应用于工业废水中痕量2,4-二硝基苯肼的检测,回收率为95.6%~103.1%,相对标准偏差小于3%。     

Electricity generation from cattle dung using microbial fuel cell technology during anaerobic acidogenesis and the development of microbial populations

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) was constructed to investigate the possible generation of electricity using cattle dung as a substrate. After 30 days of operation, stable electricity was generated, and the maximum volumetric power density was 0.220 W/m(3). The total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal and coulombic efficiency (CE) of the MFC reached 73.9±1.8% and 2.79±0.6%, respectively, after 120 days of operation. Acetate was the main metabolite in the anolyte, and other volatile fatty acids (VFAs) (propionate and butyrate) were present in minor amounts. The PCR-DGGE analysis indicated that the following five groups of microbes were present: Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla in the sample; specifically, 36.3% and 24.2% of the sequences obtained were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, respectively. Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas luteola and Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense were the most dominant groups during the electricity generation process. The diversity of archaea dramatically decreased after 20 days of operation. The detected archaea were hydrogenotrophic methanogens, and the Methanobacterium genus disappeared during the periods of stable electricity generation via acidogenesis.     

Preparation,Characterization, and Rapid Adsorption of Hg<Superscript>2+</Superscript> on Nanoscale Aramid-based Adsorbent

A series of nanaoscale aramid-based adsorbents were prepared by the functionalization of poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) with different content of ethylenediamine (EDA). Their structures were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. Metal ions, including Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺ were chosen as the models to explore the binding behaviors of PPTA–ECH–EDA in aqueous medium. Results showed that PPTA–ECH–EDA exhibited higher adsorption capacity for Hg²⁺ due to their nanoscale structures. In particular, the adsorption rate was so high that equilibrium was achieved within 15 min for Hg²⁺. The adsorption of Hg²⁺ on PPTA–ECH–EDA followed the pseudo second-order model well. Langmuir and Freundlich models were employed to fit the isothermal adsorption, and the results revealed that Freundlich isotherm was a better model to predict the experimental data. The adsorption mechanism was revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is preconceived that PPTA–ECH–EDA could be used as an effective adsorbent for fast removal of heavy ions from wastewater.     

Preparation and Properties of Thermoplastic Starch/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Using N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)formamide as a New Additive

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)formamide (HF) was synthesized efficiently and used as a new additive to prepare thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite nanocomposite (TPS/MMT). Here, HF acted as both plasticizer for TPS and swelling agent for MMT. The hydrogen bond interaction among HF, starch and MMT was proven by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. By scanning electron microscope (SEM), starch granules were completely disrupted. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated that partially exfoliated TPS/MMT nanocomposite was formed. The crystallinity of corn starch, MMT, HF-plasticized TPS (HTPS) and TPS/MMT nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal stability of HTPS and TPS/MMT was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The water resistance of TPS/MMT nanocomposite increased compared with that of pure HTPS. Tensile strengths of TPS/MMT nanocomposites were higher than those of HTPS, but just the reverse for elongations at break.     

鄂尔多斯气田泥浆池防渗层对有害物质的阻滞作用评价

随着天然气勘探开发速度的加快,鄂尔多斯气田井场废泥浆产生量越来越大,固化处理后将其填埋于有防渗层的泥浆池中是目前该区域最常用的方法,但国内外就气田井场泥浆池防渗层对池内污染物实际阻滞效果的研究报道较少。为研究上述处理方法的实际环境效应,以2010年盆地内正在开发气井井场泥浆池内预固化处理沉淀物的分析结果为参照,选择其中污染程度较为严重的石油类、COD、硫化物和砷、钡、镍、铅、铜4种为重点污染物,选择2005—2009年分别投入使用的5个气田井场废弃泥浆池为考察对象,分析研究了防渗层投运时间对不同污染物阻滞作用的影响。结果表明,投运1年的防渗层可阻留污染物90%以上,投运2年以上的防渗层对污染物的阻滞作用有不同程度下降,投运5年的防渗层对所监测污染物的阻滞作用最好的是钡(40.14%)、最差的为硫化物(10.89%),结合不同时间防渗层破损状况和其对污染物的阻滞效率的变化情况,说明机械刺穿和不均匀降是导致防渗层在研究区域的环境下阻滞功能退化较快的主要原因。