化工项目的环境风险评价探析——以甲基丙烯酸甲酯工程为例

风险评价是化工项目环境影响评价的重点工作之一,结合对MMA生产过程中工艺过程及产污环节进行解析,了解原辅料及主副产品的理化特性,通过对工程潜在的环境风险环节进行识别和风险类型确定,从而科学准确地进行风险源项分析,以故障树方式确定事故发生的最大概率,进而完成各种事故状态下的后果影响分析,并根据事故产生的后果,提出防范和减缓事故发生后的风险,从组织措施、技术措施等诸多方面提出风险管理方案和应急防范预案,来保障事故一旦发生对环境的影响降低到最小程度.     

昆明盘龙江水质的突变性研究

应用紫露草微核技术对盘龙江水质进行监测，监测结果显示整条江水质呈现出轻重不一的污染段面，北仓、洪家村样点水质具有较高的微核率，微核率分别为６．８５％，７．５０％，城区河段致紫露草微核的潜在性污染物较轻，最低点为油管桥样点，微核率为４．３５％，但从整体来看，由松花坝微核率３．２０％至滇池的附近洪家村增至７．５％，水体的潜在性致突变物污染程度逐渐加重。这表明盘龙江水体可能存在致突变的危险性。     

用鱼血δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶指示水体中铅污染的研究

水中不同铅浓度(5—500μg/l)急性致毒使白鲢血液中δ-氨基乙酞丙酸脱水酶(ALA-D)活性随铅浓度的增加而呈线性关系下降.温度越高,铅对酶活性的抑制越明显。0.1ppm汞、镉、铜,0.008ppm滴滴涕和0.84ppm对硫磷急性致毒,除对硫磷外对草鱼血ALA-D活性皆没有显著性影响.锌、镉、铜分别与铅混合,降低铅对ALA-D酶的抑制作用,致毒四天,可恢复甚至刺激鱼血ALA-D酶活性.被重金属(包括铅)污染的S湖中白鲢血ALA-D酶表现出明显的抑制作用,但鲤鱼血ALA-D酶却测不出抑制作用     

Performance, microbial community and inhibition kinetics of long-term Cu2+ stress on an air-lift nitritation reactor with self-recirculation

Biological nitrogen removal process could be affected due to the presence of heavy metals owing to their toxicity and accumulation in the sludge.In this study,the impact of Cu~(2+)shock on a long-term nitritation operation was investigated in an air-lift reactor with selfrecirculation.Both the dynamics of microbial community and inhibition kinetics under Cu~(2+) stress were ascertained.The results showed that Cu~(2+) exerted severe inhibition on nitritation performance of an air-lift reactor(ALR) at 25 mg/L.The corresponding NH_4~+-N removal efficiency decreased to below 50%,which was mainly due to the variation of microbial community structure,especially the inhibition of nitrifiers like Nitrosomonas(the relative abundance decreased from 30% to 1% after Cu~(2+)inhibition).Kinetic parameters were obtained and compared after fitting the Haldane model.The long-term Cu~(2+) stress on the ALR aggravated the ammonium affinity and the resistance to substrate self-inhibition of the nitritation sludge,but reduced the resistance to Cu~(2+) inhibition.Furthermore,Cu~(2+)acted as uncompetitive inhibitor on nitritation process.Our results provide new insights into the nitritation characteristics under long-term Cu~(2+) stress.     

Characterization of VOC emissions from construction machinery and river ships in the Pearl River Delta of China

Speciated characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), from construction machinery and river ships in China is currently lacking. In this regard, we conducted field measurement on speciated VOC (including OVOC) emissions from six construction machinery and five river ships in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region to identify VOC emission characteristics. We noticed that OVOC emissions from construction machinery and ships accounted for more than 50% of the total VOC emissions, followed by alkenes, aromatics and alkanes. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most emission species, accounting for 61.8%-83.2% of OVOCs. For construction machinery, the fuel-based emission factors of roller, grader and pile driver were 3.12, 3.12 and 7.36 g/kg, respectively. With the rigorous restraint by the national emission standards, VOC emissions of construction machinery had decreased considerably, especially during stage Ⅲ. Ozone formation potential was also significantly reduced due to the significant decrease in emissions of OVOCs and alkenes with higher reactivity. For river ships, the fuel-based emission factors of cargo ships and speedboat were 1.46 and 0.44 g/kg, respectively. VOC emissions from construction machinery and river ships in Guangdong Province in 2017 were 8851.0 and 4361.0 ton, respectively. This study filled the knowledge gaps of reactive gas emissions from different kinds of non-road mobile sources over the PRD, and more importantly, highlighted the necessity in adding OVOC measurement to give a complete and accurate depiction of reactive gas emissions from non-road mobile sources.     

多硫化钙对铬污染土壤处理效果的长期稳定性研究

稳定化修复技术逐渐成为我国现阶段重金属污染土壤修复的主要技术,其修复后验收主要通过分析土壤重金属的浸出浓度来评价修复效果,然而该验收指标未反映土壤重金属在不同情景下的长期稳定性.本研究以经稳定化药剂多硫化钙(CPS)处理前后的某电镀厂铬(Cr)污染土壤为对象,开展多pH浸出、模拟酸雨淋溶、冻融循环和干湿交替作用下土壤重金属Cr的长期稳定性研究.结果表明:在多pH浸出实验中,稳定化处理后达标土壤(CPS-D-3)在pH大于6.92时,Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度大于0.05 mg·L~(-1).在整个试验模拟酸雨淋溶作用的过程中(30年),稳定化处理可以有效抑制Cr向环境中释放,CPS-D-3中的总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的累积释放量比未经稳定化处理的Cr污染土壤(CPS-D-1)分别显著减少了91.86%和99.61%.在冻融循环的过程中,稳定化处理可有效降低土壤中浸出总Cr的含量.经过15次干湿交替后CPS-D-1和CPS-D-3分别比未经过干湿交替作用时浸出总Cr浓度减少了99.96%和96.88%.多pH浸出试验可以作为检验土壤安全的较为敏感的指标,冻融循环、模拟酸雨淋溶和干湿交替评估方法可协助评价重金属的长期稳定性.     

加氢装置高压串低压风险分析及对策

针对加氢装置高压串低压的特点,分析讨论了其存在的火灾、爆炸、人身伤害、中毒等风险,针对这些风险提出对应的安全防范措施。     

The selective catalytic reduction of NO over Ce0.3TiOx-supported metal oxide catalysts

A Ce_(0.3)TiO_xoxide carrier was synthesized via a sol–gel process,and Ce_(0.3)TiO_xsupported metal(M=Cd,Mn,Fe,W,Mo)oxide catalysts were prepared by the method of incipient-wetness impregnation.The catalysts were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD),Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET)analysis,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Fourier transform infrared(FT–IR)spectroscopy,UV–Visdiffusereflectancespectroscopy(UV–VisDRS),and Temperature-programmed reduction with H_2(H_2-TPR).The catalytic activities for de-NO_(x )were evaluated by the NH_3-SCR reaction.Among all the catalysts tested,the 2 wt.%Cd/Ce_(0.3)TiO_xcatalyst exhibited the best NH_3-SCR performance,with a wide temperature window of 250–450°C for NO conversion above 90%.Moreover,the catalyst showed N_2 selectivity greater than 99%from 200 to 450°C.     

汞矿山废弃地土壤汞污染研究

中国是世界上第3大产汞国,而主要的供应源是汞开采,尽管多数矿山开采活动已经关闭,但大规模遗留下来的矿山废弃地会引发许多生态环境问题,尤其是矿山废弃地土壤中汞污染已经成为严重的环境问题之一.文章通过对矿山废弃地的环境污染特征、土壤汞污染途径、迁移方式进行系统综述,介绍了土壤汞污染修复技术,并在此基础上提出了存在的问题以及有待进一步研究的方向.     

A preliminary analysis of the surface chemistry of atmospheric aerosol particles in a typical urban area of Beijing

Atmospheric aerosol particle samples were collected using an Ambient Eight Stage(Non-Viable) Cascade Impactor Sampler in a typical urban area of Beijing from 27 th Sep.to 5th Oct.,2009.The surface chemistry of these aerosol particles was analyzed using Static Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(Static TOF-SIMS).The factors influencing surface compositions were evaluated in conjunction with the air pollution levels,meteorological factors,and air mass transport for the sampling period.The results show that a variety of organic ion groups and inorganic ions/ion groups were accumulated on the surfaces of aerosol particles in urban areas of Beijing;and hydrophobic organic compounds with short-or middle-chain alkyl as well as hydrophilic secondary inorganic compounds were observed.All these compounds have the potential to affect the atmospheric behavior of urban aerosol particles.PM1.1–2.1and PM3.3–4.7had similar elements on their surfaces,but some molecules and ionic groups demonstrated differences in Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry spectra.This suggests that the quantities of elements varied between PM1.1–2.1and PM3.3–4.7.In particular,more intense research efforts into fluoride pollution are required,because the fluorides on aerosol surfaces have the potential to harm human health.The levels of air pollution had the most significant influence on the surface compositions of aerosol particles in our study.Hence,heavier air pollution was associated with more complex surface compositions on aerosol particles.In addition,wind,rainfall,and air masses from the south also greatly influenced the surface compositions of these urban aerosol particles.