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741.
742.
Justin P. Miller-Schulze Michael Paulsen Takayuki Kamed Akira Torib Kazuichi Hayakaw Brandon Cassidy Luke Naeher Manuel Aguilar Villalobos Christopher D. Simpson 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2016,28(11):213-221
The assessment of occupational exposure to diesel exhaust(DE) is important from an epidemiological perspective. Urinary biomarkers of exposure have been proposed as a novel approach for measuring exposure to DE. In this study, we measured the concentrations of two urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene(1NP), a nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that has been suggested as a molecular marker of diesel particulate matter. These two metabolites, 6-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene and 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene, were determined in urine samples(10 m L) from a small group of workers who were occupationally-exposed to vehicle exhaust in Trujillo, Peru, before and after their workshifts. Workshift exposures to1 NP, as well as PM_(2.5), 2-nitropyrene and 2-nitrofluoranthene, were also measured.Exposures to 1NP were similar in all studied workers, averaging 105 ± 57.9 pg/m~3(±standard deviation). Median urinary concentrations of the average of the pre- and post-exposure samples for 6-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene and 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene, were found to be 3.9 and 2.3 pg metabolite/mg creatinine, respectively in the group of occupationally-exposed subjects(n = 17) studied. A direct relationship between workshift exposure to 1NP and urinary 1NP metabolites concentrations was not observed. However,the 1NP exposures and the creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of the hydroxynitropyrene metabolites in these Peruvian traffic workers were similar to occupationally-exposed taxi drivers in Shenyang, China, and were higher than biomarker levels in office workers from Trujillo without occupational exposure to vehicle exhaust.This study provides further evidence that urinary metabolites of 1NP are associated with exposure to DE and may serve as a useful exposure biomarker. 相似文献
743.
Manuel R. Guariguata Jonathan P. Cornelius Bruno Locatelli Claudio Forner G. Arturo Sánchez-Azofeifa 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(8):793-808
The relationship between tropical forests and global climate change has so far focused on mitigation, while much less emphasis
has been placed on how management activities may help forest ecosystems adapt to this change. This paper discusses how tropical
forestry practices can contribute to maintaining or enhancing the adaptive capacity of natural and planted forests to global
climate change and considers challenges and opportunities for the integration of tropical forest management in broader climate
change adaptation. In addition to the use of reduced impact logging to maintain ecosystem integrity, other approaches may
be needed, such as fire prevention and management, as well as specific silvicultural options aimed at facilitating genetic
adaptation. In the case of planted forests, the normally higher intensity of management (with respect to natural forest) offers
additional opportunities for implementing adaptation measures, at both industrial and smallholder levels. Although the integration
in forest management of measures aimed at enhancing adaptation to climate change may not involve substantial additional effort
with respect to current practice, little action appears to have been taken to date. Tropical foresters and forest-dependent
communities appear not to appreciate the risks posed by climate change and, for those who are aware of them, practical guidance
on how to respond is largely non-existent. The extent to which forestry research and national policies will promote and adopt
management practices in order to assist production forests adapt to climate change is currently uncertain. Mainstreaming adaptation
into national development and planning programs may represent an initial step towards the incorporation of climate change
considerations into tropical forestry. 相似文献
744.
Navarro Alberto Jorge A. Manly Bryan F. J. Gerow Ken 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2022,29(3):625-654
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - Navarro and Manly (Popul Ecol 51:505–512, 2009) (NM) have proposed a randomization protocol for null model analysis of species occurrences at... 相似文献
745.
Rubin Pedrazzo Alberto Trotta Francesco Hoti Gjylije Cesano Federico Zanetti Marco 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(1):251-263
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Cyclodextrin nanosponges (CD-NS) are cross-linked cyclodextrin polymers characterized by a nanostructured three-dimensional network. CD-NSs in the... 相似文献
746.
Pisetta Ane-Mery Roveri Vinicius Guimarães Luciana Lopes de Oliveira Therezinha Maria Novais Correia Alberto Teodorico 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(42):63099-63111
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The worldwide occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic ecosystems is reason for public concern. These emerging... 相似文献
747.
de Oliveira Ribeiro Ciro Alberto Bozza Dandie Antunes Esquivel Luíse de Oliveira Elton Celton Neto Filipak 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(12):17087-17102
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Flame retardants are compounds added to a high diversity of polymers used in electronics and furniture to decrease the risk of combustion.... 相似文献
748.
Ona LF Alberto AM Prudente JA Sigua GC 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(3):177-183
Background Aims, and Scope. Lead (Pb) is a naturally occurring element that poses environmental hazards when present at elevated concentration.
It is being released into the environment because of industrial uses and from the combustion of fossil fuels. Hence, Pb is
ubiquitous throughout global ecosystems. The existence of potentially harmful concentrations of Pb in the environment must
be given full attention. Emissions from vehicles are major source of environmental contamination by Pb. Thus, it becomes imperative
that concentrations of Pb and other hazardous materials in the environment not only in the Philippines, but elsewhere in the
world be adequately examined in order that development of regulations and standards to minimize risk associated with these
materials in urban areas is continued. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the levels of Pb in soil from selected
urbanized cities in central region of the Philippines; (2) to identify areas with soil Pb concentration values that exceed
estimated natural concentrations and allowable limits; and (3) to determine the possible sources that contribute to elevated
soil Pb concentration (if any) in the study area.
Methods This study was limited to the determination of Pb levels in soils of selected urbanized cities located in central region
in the Philippines, namely: Site 1 – Tarlac City in Tarlac; Site 2 – Cabanatuan City in Nueva Ecija; Site 3 – Malolos City
in Bulacan; Site 4 – San Fernando City in Pampanga; Site 5 – Balanga City in Bataan; and Site 6 – Olongapo City in Zambales.
Soil samples were collected from areas along major thoroughfares regularly traversed by tricycles, passenger jeepneys, cars,
vans, trucks, buses, and other motor vehicles. Soil samples were collected from five sampling sites in each of the study areas.
Samples from the selected sampling sites were obtained approximately 2 to 3 meters from the road. Analysis of the soil samples
for Pb content was conducted using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was conducted from 2003 to 2004. Since
this study assumed that vehicular emission is the major source of Pb contamination in urban soil, other information which
the researchers deemed to have bearing on the study were obtained such as relative quantity of each gasoline type disposed
of in each city within a given period and volume of traffic in each sampling site. A survey questionnaire for gasoline station
managers was prepared to determine the relative quantity of each fuel type (diesel, regular gasoline, premium gasoline, and
unleaded gasoline) disposed of or sold within a given period in each study area.
Results and Discussion Analysis of soil samples for Pb content showed the presence of Pb in all the soil samples collected from the 30 sampling
sites in the six cities at varying concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 251 mg kg–1. Elevated levels of Pb in soil (i.e. greater
than 25 mg kg–1 Pb) were detected in five out of the six cities investigated. Site 4 recorded the highest Pb concentration
(73.9 ± 94.4 mg kg–1), followed by Site 6 (56.3 ± 17.1 mg kg–1), Site 3 (52.0 ± 33.1 mg kg–1), Site 5 (39.3 ± 19.0 mg kg–1),
and Site 2 (38.4 ± 33.2 mg kg–1). Soil Pb concentration in Site 1 (16.8 ± 12.2 mg kg–1) was found to be within the estimated
natural concentration range of 5 to 25 mg kg–1. Site 1 registered the least Pb concentration. Nonetheless, the average Pb
concentration in the soil samples from the six cities studied were all found to be below the maximum tolerable limit according
to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The high Pb concentration in Site 4 may be attributed mainly to vehicular emission.
Although Site 4 only ranked 3rd in total volume of vehicles, it has the greatest number of Type B and Type C vehicles combined.
Included in these categories are diesel trucks, buses, and jeepneys which are considered the largest contributors of TSP (total
suspended particles) and PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 microns) emissions.
Conclusion Only one (San Juan in Site 4) of the thirty sampling sites recorded a Pb concentration beyond the WHO permissible limit of
100 mg kg–1. San Juan in Site 4 had a Pb concentration of >250 mg kg–1. On the average, elevated Pb concentration was evident
in the soil samples from San Fernando, Olongapo, Malolos, Balanga, and Cabanatuan. The average soil Pb concentrations in these
cities exceeded the maximum estimated natural soil Pb concentration of 25 mg kg–1. Average soil Pb concentration in Site 1
(16.8 mg kg–1) was well within the estimated natural concentration range of 5 to 25 mg kg–1. Data gathered from the study
areas showed that elevated levels of Pb in soil were due primarily to vehicular emissions and partly to igneous activity.
Recommendation and Outlook The findings of this study presented a preliminary survey on the extent of Pb contamination of soils in urban cities in central
region of Philippines Island. With this kind of information on hand, government should develop a comprehensive environmental
management strategy to address vehicular air pollution in urban areas, which shows as one of the most pressing environmental
problems in the country. Basic to this is the continuous monitoring of Pb levels and other pollutants in air, soil, and water.
Further studies should be conducted to monitor soil Pb levels in the six cities studied particularly in areas with elevated
Pb concentration. The potential for harm from Pb exposure cannot be understated. Of particular concern are children who are
more predisposed to Pb toxicity than adults. Phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated sites is strongly recommended to reduce Pb
concentration in soil. Several studies have confirmed that plants are capable of absorbing extra Pb from soil and that some
plants, grass species in particular, and can naturally absorb far more Pb than others. 相似文献
749.
The titanium dioxide assisted photodegradation of Diquat and Paraquat herbicides solutions has been the subject of the present investigation, considering its direct application in the treatment of contaminated waters and soils. To have a better understanding of the photodegradation process, different types of TiO2, commercial and 'home prepared' Ti(1-x)FexO2 (x = 0% and 4%), were used as catalysts, using an UV light as radiation source. The degradation reactions were followed by UV spectroscopy and the intermediates and reaction products were characterised by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESIMS) combined with collision-induced dissociation (CID) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The present study shows that, for photocatalytic degradation of Diquat and Paraquat solutions, a basic pH can be determinant, as well as the type of catalyst. The type of catalyst can also strongly influence the degradation pattern of the herbicide. Regarding complete degradation, we were able to show that Diquat is more persistent than Paraquat. During the photocatalytic processes, several intermediate and reaction products are sequentially formed, to which structures are proposed. 相似文献
750.