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121.
Fernández C Porcel MA Alonso A San Andrés M Tarazona JV 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(7):1194-1201
Introduction
The antiparasitic ivermectin is of particular concern to regulatory agencies. Ivermectin can reach the environment through the direct emission of dung from livestock on pasture and via manure application on agricultural lands. 相似文献122.
Pérez-Novo C Fernández-Calviño D Bermúdez-Couso A López-Periago JE Arias-Estévez M 《Chemosphere》2011,83(7):1028-1034
The adsorption-desorption kinetics of Zn in the absence and presence of P was studied by using the stirred flow chamber technique. The results thus obtained were compared with those previously obtained for Cu. As with copper, the simultaneous addition of P and Zn in a 1:1 mole ratio to soil was found to significantly increased Zn adsorption relative to the absence of P. Unlike Cu, however, Zn was only adsorbed at fast adsorption sites in the absence of P. In any case, the increased adsorption of Zn in the presence of P was largely due to slow adsorption sites, where Zn2+ ion acted as a bridging element between P and organic matter. Following adsorption in both the presence and absence of P, Zn was desorbed to a much higher extent than was Cu. However, the proportion of Zn desorbed after adsorption in the presence of P was significantly lower than in the absence of P. This indicates that Zn binds more strongly to adsorbing surfaces in the presence of P than in its absence. 相似文献
123.
The impairment of root growth and photosynthetical functioning are the main impacts of trace elements on woody plant seedlings. In this work, we assessed the response of Holm oak (Quercusilex subsp. ballota) and mastic shrub (Pistacia lentiscus) seedlings to high concentrations of Cd and Tl in the rhizosphere. These are non-essential trace elements, with a potential high mobility in the soil-plant system. Seedlings of these species are frequently used in the afforestation of degraded soils in mining areas. Plants were exposed to different levels of Cd (20, 80 and 200 mg L−1) and Tl (2, 10 and 20 mg L−1) in a sand culture. Biomass allocation, growth rates, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange were studied. Both metals affected root biomass. Cadmium produced an increase in the root mass ratio and a decrease in the specific leaf area of the plants in oak seedlings, while Tl did not provoke such response. Mastic plants were more sensitive to Tl and Cd than oak plants. Between elements, Tl provoked more severe toxic effects in the plants, affecting the antennae complexes and reaction centers of the photosystem II. Both elements decreased net assimilation rates (down to a 20% of the control plants) and stomatal conductance (5-10% of the values for the control plants). Cadmium was highly retained in the roots of both species, while Tl was highly translocated into the leaves. In general, Holm oak showed a higher tolerance for Cd than for Tl, and a higher resistance to both metals than mastic shrub, due to a high capacity for Cd retention at the root level. However, such accumulation in roots may induce water stress in the seedling exposed to Cd. 相似文献
124.
This article responds to Gray’s (2002) call for normative research on social and environmental accounting (SEA) and Parker’s (2005) call for active engagement in the process of designing SEA systems. More specifically, our investigation focuses on the
study of boundary setting for triple bottom line (TBL) reporting, an issue that has been given more attention by practitioners
than by researchers. The study reviews the consequences of boundary setting for the discharge of organizational accountability,
from which it develops a framework to investigate TBL reporting boundaries and then reports on an empirical survey of best
practice. It concludes that organizations are strategically setting and disclosing their boundaries instead of discharging
their accountability and argues that such strategies have far-reaching consequences, because reporting boundaries are not
only reflective of organizations but also have a constitutive role in their definition. A further consequence is that it calls
into question the use of voluntary labeling, such as “in accordance” with Global Reporting Initiative; one implication being
that further research into technical developments in TBL reporting could contribute to the discharge of organizational accountability. 相似文献
125.
Thermodynamic analysis of the energy recovery from the aerobic bioconversion of solid urban waste organic fraction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Waste management is of the utmost importance for many countries and especially for highly developed ones due to its implications on society. In particular, proper treatment before disposal of the solid urban waste organic fraction is one of the main issues that is addressed in waste management. In fact, the organic fraction is particularly reactive and if disposed in sanitary landfills without previous adequate treatment, a large amount of dangerous and polluting gaseous, liquid and solid substances can be produced. Some waste treatment processes can also present an opportunity to produce other by-products like energy, recycled materials and other products with both economic and environmental benefits. In this paper, the aerobic treatment of the organic fraction of solid urban waste, performed in a biocell plant with the possibility of recovering heat for civil or industrial needs, was examined from the thermodynamic point of view. A theoretical model was proposed both for the biological process of the organic fraction, as well as for the heat recovery system. The most significant results are represented and discussed. 相似文献
126.
This growth chamber study was designed to determine rates of nitrogen fixation, growth, productivity and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus during vegetative growth, flowering and the beginning of the fruiting and ripening period in Pisum sativum plants supplied with different concentrations of nitrate and nodulated by various strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum. Noninoculated control plants were grown under the same nutritional conditions. Nodulated and unnodulated plants responded differently to treatment. The effects of inoculation with Rhizobium and the nitrate treatments on the parameters of growth and nitrogen content varied with plant age. Although the presence of nitrate in the culture medium inhibited nodulation and acetylene reducing activity (ARA), the different Rhizobium strains used in the inoculations led to variations in tolerance to combined nitrogen. 相似文献
127.
The chaetognath locomotory muscles exhibit astonishing variations. The secondary muscle, which represents less than 1% of
the body wall, has two forms. One is unique in the animal kingdom (alternation of two sarcomere types: “classical cross-striated”
s1 and a unique type, s2) and has already been described; it characterizes most of the genera. The other, found only in more
or less benthic species, functions by supercontraction. In the primitive genus Archeterokrohnia, it often exhibits “s1/s2 hybrid” sarcomeres, appearing as s2 sarcomeres partly containing s1 ones; moreover, the alternation
of s1 and s2 sarcomeres is not regular. New sarcomeres are formed by the splitting of the Z-discs between two consecutive
s1 sarcomeres. This is another unique feature of the chaetognath secondary muscle which facilitates understanding the transition
from the first to the second form: suppression of s2 sarcomeres and constitution of a supercontraction capability in s1 sarcomeres.
The transverse muscle, present in the less evolved genera living near or on the bottom, also has two forms: either classical
cross-striated or, in more or less benthic species, supercontracting. Supercontraction would be a derived character. The peculiarities
of the primary, secondary and transverse muscles of the truly benthic chaetognaths are different from those of all the planktonic
or benthoplanktonic chaetognaths. The variations in the histological and cytological characteristics of the muscles agree
with the phylogenetic trends previously proposed for the phylum.
Published online: 21 September 2002 相似文献
128.
129.
Beatriz Fernández-Muñiz José Manuel Montes-Peón Camilo José Vázquez-Ordás 《Safety Science》2009,47(7):980-991
Occupational accidents severely deteriorate human capital, and hence negatively affect the productivity and competitiveness of countries. But despite this, we still observe a scarcity of preventive practices, an unsatisfactory management commitment and an absence of safety culture among Spanish firms. The result is evident in firms’ high accident rates. This situation is a consequence of the general belief among firms that investing in safety is a cost, and hence has negative repercussions for their competitiveness. The current work aims to identify good practices in safety management, and analyse the effect of these practices on a set of indicators of organisational performance. For this, we first carry out an exhaustive literature review, and then formulate a series of hypotheses. We then test the proposed model on a sample of 455 Spanish firms. Our findings show that safety management has a positive influence on safety performance, competitiveness performance, and economic-financial performance. Hence they provide evidence of the compatibility between worker protection and corporate competitiveness. 相似文献
130.
Cognitive skills and bacterial load: comparative evidence of costs of cognitive proficiency in birds
Soler JJ Peralta-Sánchez JM Martín-Vivaldi M Martín-Platero AM Flensted-Jensen E Møller AP 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2012,99(2):111-122
Parasite-mediated selection may affect the evolution of cognitive abilities because parasites may influence development of
the brain, but also learning capacity. Here, we tested some predictions of this hypothesis by analyzing the relationship between
complex behaviours (feeding innovations (as a measure of behavioural flexibility) and ability to detect foreign eggs in their
nests (i.e. a measure of discriminatory ability)) and abundance of microorganisms in different species of birds. A positive
relationship would be predicted if these cognitive abilities implied a larger number of visited environments, while if these
skills favoured detection and avoidance of risky environments, a negative relationship would be the prediction. Bacterial
loads of eggshells, estimated for mesophilic and potentially pathogenic bacteria (i.e. Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriaceae), were used as a surrogate of probability of contact with pathogenic bacteria. We found that bird species with higher feeding
innovation rates and rejection rates of experimental brood parasitic eggs had higher density of bacteria on their eggshells
than the average species. Since the analysed groups of microorganisms include pathogenic bacteria, these results suggest that
both feeding innovation and ability to recognize foreign eggs are costly and highlight the importance of parasite-mediated
selection in explaining the evolution of cognitive abilities in animals. 相似文献